{"id":29219,"date":"2011-02-15T12:38:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-15T12:38:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:54:15","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:54:15","slug":"mijloacele-de-constrangere-in-relatiile-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/mijloacele-de-constrangere-in-relatiile-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Mijloacele de constr\u00e2ngere \u00een Rela\u0163iile Interna\u0163ionale."},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

Considera\u0163ii generale.<\/i>Nerespectarea normelor dreptului interna\u0163ional, ca \u015fi s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firea unor ac\u0163iuni inamicale \u00eempotriva altor state ori \u00eenc\u0103lcarea drepturilor acestora sunt acte care, potrivit dreptului interna\u0163ional, dau dreptul statelor lezate, ca \u015fi comunit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, de a lua unele m\u0103suri de constr\u00e2ngere  pa\u015fnic\u0103, cu caracter de sanc\u0163iune, f\u0103r\u0103 a se recurge la r\u0103zboi, dac\u0103 diferendul sau situa\u0163ia interna\u0163ional\u0103 ce au intervenit nu se pot rezolva prin mijloacele pa\u015fnice politico-diplomatice sau jurisdic\u0163ionale consacrate.<\/p>\n

\n            M\u0103surile de constr\u00e2ngere vizeaz\u0103 fie asigurarea legalit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, fie \u00eenl\u0103turarea actelor neamicale sau restabilirea drepturilor \u00eenc\u0103lcate \u015fi obligarea statului \u00een culp\u0103 de a repara prejudiciile cauzate.<\/div>\n
\n            Dreptul interna\u0163ional cunoa\u015fte urm\u0103toarele mijloace de constr\u00e2ngere pa\u015fnic\u0103 grupate \u00een dou\u0103 categorii:<\/div>\n
\n            a) F\u0103r\u0103 folosirea for\u0163ei armate<\/i>: retorsiunea, represaliile, embargoul, boicotul, ruperea rela\u0163iilor diplomatice, excluderea de la conferin\u0163ele interna\u0163ionale sau din organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale etc.<\/div>\n
\n            b) Cu folosirea for\u0163ei armate<\/i>: represaliile armete, blocada maritim\u0103 pa\u015fnic\u0103, demonstra\u0163iile cu for\u0163ele armate \u015fi ocuparea militar\u0103 a teritoriului.<\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen dreptul interna\u0163ional clasic, statele puteau s\u0103 recurg\u0103 \u00een mod individual la asemenea mijloace de constr\u00e2ngere f\u0103r\u0103 vreo restric\u0163ie. O dat\u0103 cu interzicerea recurgerii la for\u0163\u0103 \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale, folosirea \u00een mod individual de c\u0103tre state a mijloacelor de constr\u00e2ngere bazate pe for\u0163a armat\u0103 a devenit contrar\u0103 dreptului interna\u0163ional, iar mijloacele de constr\u00e2ngere f\u0103r\u0103 folosirea for\u0163ei armate au suferit transform\u0103ri importante, \u00een sensul \u00eengust\u0103rii c\u00e2mpului de utilizare a acestora.<\/div>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\n            Potrivit dreptului interna\u0163ional contemporan, statele pot recurge \u00een mod individual numai la m\u0103suri de constr\u00e2ngere care nu sunt bazate pe for\u0163a armat\u0103 \u015fi aceasta \u00een  mod cu totul excep\u0163ional, \u00een str\u00e2ns\u0103  leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Organiza\u0163ia Na\u0163iunilor Unite, atunci c\u00e2nd sunt obiectul unor presiuni sau ilegalit\u0103\u0163i din partea altui stat care nu a ajuns \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een faza unui atac armat.<\/div>\n
\n            Mijloacele de constr\u00e2ngere, cu sau f\u0103r\u0103 folosirea for\u0163ei armate, pot fi, \u00eens\u0103, utilizate \u00een cadrul m\u0103surilor colective luate de Organiza\u0163ia Na\u0163iunilor Unite, Consiliul de Securitate put\u00e2nd s\u0103 decid\u0103 \u00een acest sens \u00een baza articolelor 41 \u015fi 42 ale Cartei O.N.U.<\/div>\n
\n            Mijloacele de constr\u00e2ngere f\u0103r\u0103 folosirea for\u0163ei armate<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            <\/div>\n
\n            a) Retorsiunea<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            Retorsiunea este o m\u0103sur\u0103 de r\u0103spuns a unui stat fa\u0163\u0103 de actele neamicale ale altui stat. Actul neamical c\u0103ruia i se r\u0103spunde prin retorsiune nu constituie \u00een sine o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a normelor dreptului interna\u0163ional sau a unui tratat interna\u0163ional \u015fi poate consta \u00een persecu\u0163ii ale propriilor cet\u0103\u0163eni \u00een statul respectiv, expulzarea unor diploma\u0163i, adoptarea unor m\u0103suri legislative neprietene\u015fti etc.<\/div>\n
\n            Este de esen\u0163a retorsiunii ca r\u0103spunsul la un act neamical, care are un caracter de retorsiune, s\u0103 aib\u0103 valoarea unor acte similare \u015fi s\u0103 nu dep\u0103\u015feasc\u0103 amploarea sau caracterul actului la care se r\u0103spunde.<\/div>\n
\n            Retorsiunea este o m\u0103sur\u0103 permis\u0103 de dreptul interna\u0163ional contemporan.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n            b) Represaliile<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            <\/i>Represaliile sunt m\u0103suri de constr\u00e2ngere luate de un stat \u00eempotriva altui stat \u00een scopul de a ob\u0163ine repararea unei daune cauzat\u0103 prin acte sau omisiuni ilicite din punctul de vedere al dreptului interna\u0163ional s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fite de acel stat saui de a preveni repetarea unor asemenea acte.<\/div>\n
\n            Represaliile se deosebesc de retorsiune prin aceea c\u0103 ele constituie m\u0103suri de r\u0103spuns la acte considerate ca fiind contrare dreptului interna\u0163ional \u015fi nu la simple acte inamicale.<\/div>\n
\n            Pentru a fi legal\u0103, recurgerea la acte de represalii este supus\u0103 unor anumite condi\u0163ii. Un stat poate executa acte de represalii numai dac\u0103:<\/div>\n
\n            -este el \u00eensu\u015fi lezat de actul ilegal al altui stat \u015fi s-a adresat \u00een prealabil acelui stat, care nu s-a conformat cererii sale;<\/div>\n
\n            -se p\u0103strez\u0103 o propor\u0163ie \u00eentre represalii \u015fi actul ilegal, astfel ca represaliile s\u0103 fie comparabile cu prejudiciul suferit (priccipiul propor\u0163ionalit\u0103\u0163ii);<\/div>\n
\n            -represaliile sunt \u00eendreptate numai \u00eempotriva statului care a comis actul ilicit, nu \u015fi \u00eempotriva unui stat ter\u0163;<\/div>\n
\n            -nu se recurge sub nici o form\u0103 la for\u0163a armat\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            Represaliile licite pot consta \u00een acte foarte variate, \u00eentre care sechestrarea unor bunuri sau valori apar\u0163in\u00e2nd statului \u00een culp\u0103, \u00eentreruperea rela\u0163iilor comerciale ori a comunica\u0163iilor de orice fel cu acesta, expulzarea resortisan\u0163ilor celuilalt stat, refuzul de a executa un tratat etc.<\/div>\n
\n            c) Embargoul<\/i> <\/div>\n
\n            Embargoul este m\u0103sura prin care un stat re\u0163ine navele comerciale ale altui stat \u00een porturile sau \u00een  marea sa teritorial\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura lor, \u00een scopul de a-l determina pe acesta s\u0103 pun\u0103 cap\u0103t unei \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103ri  a dreptului interna\u0163ional \u015fi s\u0103 repare prejudiciul cauzat prin acea \u00eenc\u0103lcare.<\/div>\n
\n            Prin extensie, embargoul poate consta \u00een re\u0163inerea bunurile \u015fi a valorilor de orice fel destinate statului \u00eempotriva c\u0103ruia se aplic\u0103 o asemenea m\u0103sur\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            Embargoul constituie o m\u0103sur\u0103 legal\u0103 \u015fi \u00een condi\u0163iile dreptului interna\u0163ional contemporan, ea neimplic\u00e2nd m\u0103suri de utilizare a for\u0163ei.<\/div>\n
\n            d) Boicotul<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            Boicotul constituie un mijloc de constr\u00e2ngere interna\u0163ional\u0103 const\u00e2nd \u00een \u00eentreruperea rela\u0163iilor comerciale \u00eentre state, ca \u015fi \u00een \u00eentreruperea rela\u0163iilor comunica\u0163iilor feroviare, maritime, po\u015ftale, telegrafice, prin radio sau alte asemenea mijloace, pentru a se pune cap\u0103t unei \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103ri a normelor dreptului interna\u0163ional.<\/div>\n
\n            Boicotul poate fi aplicat \u015fi \u00een baza unei hot\u0103r\u00e2ri luate \u00een cadrul organiza\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale. Astfel, conform Pactului Societ\u0103\u0163ii Na\u0163iunilor, Consiliul Securit\u0103\u0163ii putea lua m\u0103suri de boicot \u00eempotriva unui stat care ar fi recurs la r\u0103zboi f\u0103r\u0103 respectarea dispozi\u0163iilor privind rezolvarea pe cale pa\u015fnic\u0103 a diferendului \u00een care era antrenat.<\/div>\n
\n            Potrivit art. 41 al Cartei O.N.U. Consiliul de Securitate poate s\u0103 decid\u0103 \u00eentreruperea total\u0103 sau par\u0163ial\u0103 a rela\u0163iilor economice \u015fi a comunica\u0163iilor feroviare, maritime, aeriene, po\u015ftale, telegrafice, prin radio, precum \u015fi a altor mijloace de comunica\u0163ii ale statelor membre, ca m\u0103sur\u0103 de constr\u00e2ngere  \u00eempotriva unui stat care a comis un act de amenin\u0163are a p\u0103cii, de violare a p\u0103cii sau de agresiune.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n            e) Ruperea rela\u0163iilor diplomatice<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            Ruperea rela\u0163iilor diplomatice este o m\u0103sur\u0103 pe care statele o pot lua \u00een cazul \u00een care rela\u0163iile lor cu alte state cunosc un grad deosebit de deteriorare, fiind un act apreciat ca foarte grav \u00een consecin\u0163e.<\/div>\n
\n            Ruperea rela\u0163iilor diplomatice poate constitui, \u00eens\u0103, \u015fi o m\u0103sur\u0103 de constr\u00e2ngere luat\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de un sfat pentru \u00eenc\u0103lcarea de c\u0103tre acesta a legalit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, cu scopul de a-l determina s\u0103 pun\u0103 cap\u0103t actelor sale ilegale.<\/div>\n
\n            M\u0103sura poate fi dispus\u0103 cu caracter de sanc\u0163iune \u015fi de c\u0103tre O.N.U.sau de c\u0103tre organiza\u0163iilor regionale de securitate, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu m\u0103surile de boicot sau separat de acestea, \u00een cadrul ac\u0163iunii de men\u0163inere a p\u0103cii \u015fi securit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n            f) Excluderea de la conferin\u0163ele interna\u0163ionale sau din organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            Este o m\u0103sur\u0103 de constr\u00e2ngere care nu a existat \u00een dreptul internaional clasic, ea ap\u0103r\u00e2nd o dat\u0103 cu amploarea deosebit\u0103 pe care au luat-o conferin\u0163ele \u015fi organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale \u00een epoca contemporan\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            A fost  folosit\u0103 \u00een sistemul Societ\u0103\u0163ii Na\u0163iunilor, dar cu deosebire \u00een cadrul Organiza\u0163iei Na\u0163iunilor Unite sau al altor organiza\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale \u00een ultimele decenii.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n            Mijloacele de constr\u00e2ngere cu folosirea for\u0163ei armate<\/i><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n            a) Represaliile armate<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            De-a lungul istoriei represaliile cu folosirea for\u0163ei armate au fost permise, ele fiind considerate legale \u00een baza dreptului la autoajutorare al statelor, care permitea adoptarea oric\u0103ror m\u0103suri de for\u0163\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd se aprecia c\u0103 exist\u0103 un pericol din partea altui stat.<\/div>\n
\n            Represaliile aveau un dublu caracter, reparator \u015fi sanc\u0163ionator, \u015fi se foloseau pentru rezolvarea situa\u0163iei sau a diferendului prin for\u0163\u0103, dar f\u0103r\u0103 a se ajunge la r\u0103zboi. Folosirea for\u0163ei armate cu titlu de represalii a constituit, \u00eens\u0103, adesea preludiul unor interven\u0163ii militare sau pretext pentru asemenea interven\u0163ii.<\/div>\n
\n            Represaliile bazate pe for\u0163a armat\u0103 au fost interzise par\u0163ial prin Conventia a II-a de la Haga din 1907  referitoare la limitarea folosirii for\u0163ei pentru ob\u0163inerea pl\u0103\u0163ii unor datorii contractuale. Ele au fost interzise de o manier\u0103 general\u0103 \u00een baza Cartei O.N.U., ca fiind contrare scopurilor \u015fi principiilor acesteia, care impun statelor obliga\u0163ia de a se ab\u0163ine \u00een rela\u0163iile lor de la folosirea for\u0163ei armate, inclusiv cu titlu de represalii.<\/div>\n
\n            Dac\u0103 folosirea for\u0163ei armate \u00een cadrul represaliilor atinge un anumit grad de gravitate \u015fi intensitate, aceasta poate constitui nu numai o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a interdic\u0163iei generale de a folosi for\u0163a \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale, ci \u015fi un act de agresiune armat\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n            b) Blocada maritim\u0103 pa\u015fnic\u0103<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            Prin blocad\u0103 maritim\u0103 pa\u015fnic\u0103 se \u00een\u0163elege ansamblul de m\u0103suri viz\u00e2nd \u00eempiedicarea de c\u0103tre un stat, cu for\u0163ele sale navale militare, f\u0103r\u0103 a se afla \u00een r\u0103zboi cu un alt stat, a oric\u0103ror comunica\u0163ii cu litoralul \u015fi porturile respectivului stat, pentru a determina pe cel\u0103lalt stat s\u0103 renun\u0163e la o ac\u0163iune concret\u0103 prin care i se \u00eencalc\u0103 drepturile proprii sau se aduce atingere legalit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale.<\/div>\n
\n            Blocarea porturilor sau a coastelor altui stat implic\u0103 posibilitatea pentru statul care a recurs la o asemenea m\u0103sur\u0103 de a re\u0163ine \u015fi sechestra navele statului blocat, care ar intra sau ar ie\u015fi din porturile acestuia ori din marea sa teritorial\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            La origine, blocada maritim\u0103 a constituit unul din procedeele de ducere a r\u0103zboiului, dar \u00een secolul al XIX- lea a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie folosit\u0103 \u015fi \u00een timp de pace, ca o m\u0103sur\u0103 de constr\u00e2ngere pentru restabilirea ordinii juridice interna\u0163ionale, \u00een cazul \u00een care a fost \u00eenc\u0103lcat\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen dreptul interna\u0163ional contemporan, blocada maritim\u0103 pa\u015fnic\u0103 este interzis\u0103 dac\u0103 este efectuat\u0103 individual de c\u0103tre un stat \u00eempotriva altui stat, fiind considerat\u0103 un act ilegal de amenin\u0163are cu for\u0163a sau de recurgere la amenin\u0163area cu for\u0163a armat\u0103 \u00eentr-un mod agresiv, figur\u00e2nd \u00een componen\u0163a defini\u0163iei agresiunii adoptat\u0103 \u00een 1974.<\/div>\n
\n            Consiliul de Securitate al O.N.U. poate, \u00eens\u0103, potrivit art. 42 al Cartei, s\u0103 dispun\u0103 efectuarea unei blocade maritime pa\u015fnice cu for\u0163ele militare navale ale statelor membre ale organiza\u0163iei, ca o m\u0103sur\u0103 de constr\u00e2ngere cu folosirea for\u0163ei armate \u00een condi\u0163iile prev\u0103zute de Capitolul VII al Cartei O.N.U.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n            c) Demonstra\u0163iile cu for\u0163ele armate<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            Demonstra\u0163iile cu for\u0163ele armate constau \u00een desf\u0103\u015furarea de efective militare, mi\u015fc\u0103ri de trupe, aducerea \u00een apropierea grani\u0163ei cu un alt stat a unor for\u0163e militare navale, aeriene sau terestre, ori alte asemenea manifest\u0103ri, pentru a-i impune a anumit\u0103 conduit\u0103 coniderat\u0103 ca legal\u0103 ori pentru a-l determina pe acesta s\u0103 \u00eenl\u0103ture unele m\u0103suri luate anterior prin care au fost lezate interesele altui stat.<\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen trecut, demonstra\u0163iile cu for\u0163a armat\u0103 au constituit un mijloc frecvent utilizat \u015fi din p\u0103cate se mai utilizeaz\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi, de\u015fi din punct de vedere legal ele sunt interzise, constituind acte de amenin\u0163are cu for\u0163a, la care statele nu mai au dreptul  s\u0103 recurg\u0103 \u00een mod individual, potrivit principiului nerecurgerii la for\u0163\u0103 \u015fi la amenin\u0163area cu for\u0163a \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale.<\/div>\n
\n            M\u0103sura poate fi luat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103, \u00een mod legal \u00een cadrul O.N.U. de c\u0103tre Consiliul de Securitate \u00een conformitate cu art. 42 al Cartei, \u00eempotriva unui stat agresor, ca m\u0103sur\u0103 colectiv\u0103 a membrilor organiza\u0163iei.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n            d) Ocuparea militar\u0103 a teritoriului altui stat<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen dreptul interna\u0163ional clasic, ocuparea militar\u0103 a teritoriului sau a unei por\u0163iuni din teritoriul altui stat a fost folosit\u0103 ca mijloc de constr\u00e2ngere \u00een timp de pace, f\u0103r\u0103 o declara\u0163ie de r\u0103zboi, cu caracter de represalii \u00eempotrive \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rii unor drepturi ori a ne\u00eendeplinirii unor obliga\u0163ii sau ca o garan\u0163ie c\u0103 statul respectiv \u00ee\u015fi poate corecta conduita ilegal\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            O asemenea m\u0103sur\u0103 era considerat\u0103 legal\u0103 at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t dreptul interna\u0163ional clasic permitea ca, \u00een virtutea dreptului de autoap\u0103rare sau autoprotec\u0163ie a statelor, care avea un sens mult mai larg dec\u00e2t dreptul la autoap\u0103rare individual\u0103 sau colectiv\u0103 prev\u0103zut de Carta O.N.U., fiecare stat s\u0103 poat\u0103 recurge \u00een mod unilateral la m\u0103suri bazate pe for\u0163a armat\u0103 \u00eempotriva altui stat, chiar \u015fi atunci c\u00e2nd acesta nu s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fea un act de agresiune.<\/div>\n
\n            Potrivit dreptului interna\u0163ional contemporan, ocuparea  total\u0103 sau par\u0163ial\u0103 a teritoriului altui stat este interzis\u0103, fiind contrar\u0103 principiului nerecurgerii la for\u0163\u0103 \u00eempotriva suveranit\u0103\u0163ii sau a integrit\u0103\u0163ii teritoriale a altui stat. Ea este considerat\u0103 ca un act de agresiune \u015fi figureaz\u0103 \u00een defini\u0163ia adoptat\u0103 \u00een 1974 a agresiunii, ca una din situa\u0163iile \u00een care recurgerea la for\u0163\u0103 armat\u0103 constituie o agresiune interna\u0163ional\u0103.<\/div>\n
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Considera\u0163ii generale.Nerespectarea normelor dreptului interna\u0163ional, ca \u015fi s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firea unor ac\u0163iuni inamicale \u00eempotriva altor state ori \u00eenc\u0103lcarea drepturilor acestora sunt acte care, potrivit dreptului interna\u0163ional, dau dreptul statelor lezate, ca \u015fi comunit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, de a lua unele m\u0103suri de constr\u00e2ngere  pa\u015fnic\u0103, cu caracter de sanc\u0163iune, f\u0103r\u0103 a se recurge la r\u0103zboi, dac\u0103 diferendul sau situa\u0163ia interna\u0163ional\u0103 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nMijloacele de constr\u00e2ngere \u00een Rela\u0163iile Interna\u0163ionale. - 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