{"id":29193,"date":"2011-02-15T12:49:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-15T12:49:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:54:10","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:54:10","slug":"denumirea-tratatelor-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/denumirea-tratatelor-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Denumirea Tratatelor."},"content":{"rendered":"
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\nTratatul interna\u0163ional, ca instrument al rela\u0163iilor dintre state, se concretizeaz\u0103 \u00een practic\u0103 printr-o foarte mare diversitate de forme, fiecare cu denumirea sa specific\u0103. \u00cen literatura juridic\u0103 se consider\u0103 c\u0103 ar exista 38 de asemenea denumiri. Cele mai utilizate dintre acestea sunt: tratatul, conven\u0163ia, acordul, pactul, carta, statutul, constitu\u0163ia, protocolul, actul, declara\u0163ia, aranjamentul, compromisul, modus-vivendi, schimbul de note, schimbul de scrisori, gentlemen\u2019s agrement, concordatul \u015fi cartelul.<\/div>\n
\n            Dreptul interna\u0163ional nu cuprinde norme obligatorii privind \u00eentrebuin\u0163area uneia sau alteia din denumiri, dar practica interna\u0163ional\u0103 a consacrat unele principii de elaborare a acestora \u015fi domeniile \u00een care de regul\u0103 se folosesc.<\/div>\n
\n            1) Tratatul<\/i> constituie denumirea generic\u0103 pentru \u00een\u0163elegerile prin care sunt stabilite drepturi \u015fi obliga\u0163ii \u00eentre p\u0103r\u0163ile semnatare de obicei \u00een domenii generale, importante, ale rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale (politic, economic, militaretc.). Exemple de asemenea tratate sunt: tratatele de pace, de comer\u0163 \u015fi naviga\u0163ie, tratatul privind interzicerea experien\u0163elor nucleare \u00een cele trei medii, tratatul privind principiile juridice ale explor\u0103rii \u015fi exploat\u0103rii spa\u0163iilor extraatmosferice etc.<\/div>\n
\n            Dac\u0103 statele sunt de acord, pot \u00eencheia tratate \u015fi pentru domenii speciale. Astfel de tartate sunt cele privind regimul frontierei \u00eencheiate de Rom\u00e2nia cu statele vecine.<\/div>\n
\n            Spre deosebire de celelalte forme, tratatele se \u00eencheie dup\u0103 o procedur\u0103 mai complicat\u0103 \u015fi mai solemn\u0103, de regul\u0103 \u00een numele \u015fefului statului. Intrarea \u00een vigoare a acestora are loc \u00eentotdeauna dup\u0103 ratificare lor.<\/div>\n
\n            2) Conven\u0163ia <\/i>este o \u00een\u0163elegere \u00eencheiat\u0103 \u00eentre state, prin care sunt reglementate probleme privind rela\u0163iile \u00eentr-un anumit domeniu. Are un caracter mai specializat dec\u00e2t tratatul.Domeniile de reglementare sunt de aceea mai variate, iar angajamentele asumate sunt de un nivel mai sc\u0103zut dec\u00e2t cele din tratate. Ratificarea lor este, de asemenea, necesar\u0103.<\/div>\n

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\n            Exemple: Conven\u0163iile de la Haga din 1899 \u015fi 1907 privind legile \u015fi obiceiurile r\u0103zboiului, Conven\u0163ia de la Montreux din 1936 privind str\u00e2mtorile M\u0103rii Negre, Conven\u0163ia de la Geneva din 1949 privind protec\u0163ia victimelor de r\u0103zboi, Conven\u0163iile de la Viena din 1961 \u015fi 1963 privind rela\u0163iile diplomatice \u015fi consulare, Conven\u0163ia privind avia\u0163ia civil\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103 (1944), Conven\u0163iile pentru definirea agresorului (1933) etc.<\/div>\n
\n            3) Acordul<\/i> este o \u00een\u0163elegere interna\u0163ional\u0103 semnat\u0103 \u00een numele sau din \u00eemputernicirea guvernului \u015fi care, de obicei, nu trebuie s\u0103 fie ratificat\u0103. Prin acord se reglementeaz\u0103 probleme concrete ale rela\u0163iilor dintre state, \u00eembr\u0103\u0163i\u015f\u00e2nd o sfer\u0103 foarte larg\u0103 de aspecte.<\/div>\n
\n            Acordul comercial \u2013 reglementeaz\u0103 schimburile comerciale \u00eentre state;<\/div>\n
\n            Acordul de credit \u2013 reglementeaz\u0103 condi\u0163iile \u00een care este acordat \u015fi se restituie creditul;<\/div>\n
\n            Acordul de pl\u0103\u0163i \u2013 reglementeaz\u0103 modul de efectuare a pl\u0103\u0163ilor \u00eentre state;<\/div>\n
\n            Acordul economic \u2013 este o \u00een\u0163elegere cu privire la acordarea de ajutor tehnic ori pentru efectuarea de schimb de experien\u0163\u0103 \u00een toate domeniile economiei.<\/div>\n
\n            Alte categorii de acorduri:culturale, de frontier\u0103, de transporturi etc. Tot prin acord se pot constitui \u00een\u0163elegerile regionale.<\/div>\n
\n            Unele \u0163\u0103ri au stabilit prin acorduri unele forme de colaborare multilateral\u0103 (ex. : Acordul general pentru tarife \u015fi comer\u0163 GATT \u2013 1947, Acordul interna\u0163ional al cafelei \u2013 1959, Acordul  interna\u0163ional al zah\u0103rului \u2013 1937 \u015fi 1959 etc.).<\/div>\n
\n            4) Pactul<\/i> denume\u015fte o categorie de tratate interna\u0163ionale, bi sau multilaterale, cu un caracter deosebit de solemn, privind unele rela\u0163ii politice dintre state. Asemenea acte sunt \u201ePactul Societ\u0103\u0163ii Na\u0163iunilor\u201d (1922), \u201e Pactul Briand-Kellogg\u201d (1928), \u201ePactele drepturilor omului\u201d (1966) etc.<\/div>\n
\n            5) Carta<\/i> este un instrument juridic prin care statele stabilesc anumite principii \u00een vederea respect\u0103rii lor (Carta Atlanticului \u00eentre S.U.A. \u015fi Anglia, 1941), dar \u00een special constituie un tratat prin care se \u00eenfiin\u0163eaz\u0103 o organiza\u0163ie interna\u0163ional\u0103 important\u0103 desemn\u00e2ndu-i-se \u015fi competen\u0163a \u015fi modul de func\u0163ionare (ex.: \u201eCarta O.N.U.\u201d, \u201eCarta de la Bogota privind constituirea O.S.A.\u201d etc.<\/div>\n
\n            6) Statutul<\/i> este un tratat prin care se stabilesc structura, competen\u0163a \u015fi modul de func\u0163ionare a unui organism interna\u0163ional (ex.:  \u201eStatutul Cur\u0163ii Interna\u0163ionale de Justi\u0163ie\u201d).<\/div>\n
\n            7) Constitu\u0163ia<\/i> este de regul\u0103 tot o \u00een\u0163elegere interna\u0163ional\u0103 care constituie actul fundamental al organiz\u0103rii unor organiza\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale. Exemple: \u201eConstitu\u0163ia F.A.O.\u201d, \u201eConstitu\u0163ia O.I.M.\u201d, \u201eConstitu\u0163ia O.M.S.\u201d.<\/div>\n
\n            8) Protocolul<\/i> este o form\u0103 foarte utilizat\u0103 \u00een practica interna\u0163ional\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            De regul\u0103 este un  act accesoriu la un tratat preexistent \u00een scopul de a-l   aplica, de a-l prelungi sau de a-l modifica ( exemple:protocoalele comerciale privind listele de m\u0103rfuri ce fac obiectul schimburilor, celor dou\u0103 protocoale adi\u0163ionale la Conven\u0163iile de la Geneva din 1949, \u00eencheiate \u00een 1977 etc.).<\/div>\n
\n            Prin protocol se poate \u00eencheia, \u00eens\u0103, \u015fi o \u00een\u0163elegere de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare \u00eentre state. Ex.: Protocolul de la Geneva din 1925 care interzice folosirea \u00een r\u0103zboi a armelor chimice, toxice \u015fi bacteriologice.Protocolul referitor la precizarea traseului frontierei de stat \u00eentre Rom\u00e2nia \u015fi U.R.S.S. , din 4.02.1948 etc.<\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen practica unor conferin\u0163e interna\u0163ionale \u015fi a organiza\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale se d\u0103 denumirea de protocol proceselor verbale privind dezbaterile conferin\u0163ei, dac\u0103 ele sunt semnate de participan\u0163ii la conferin\u0163\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            9) Actul,<\/i> sub denumirea complet\u0103 de act adi\u0163ional, act final, act general etc. este cunoscut ca o form\u0103 a tratatului interna\u0163ional.<\/div>\n
\n            Actul adi\u0163ional<\/i> completeaz\u0103, modific\u0103 sau interpreteaz\u0103 prevederile unui acord principal, \u00eencheiat anterior sau la aceea\u015fi dat\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            Actul final<\/i> se adopt\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul unei conferin\u0163e interna\u0163ionale \u015fi uneori cuprinde toate angajamentele asumate de statele participante (Ex: \u201eActul final al Conferin\u0163ei Na\u0163iunilor Unite pentru comer\u0163 \u015fi dezvoltare\u201d, Geneva , 1964).<\/div>\n
\n            Actul general<\/i> denume\u015fte un tratat interna\u0163ional multilateral care reune\u015fte diferite dispozi\u0163ii conven\u0163ionale adoptate la o conferin\u0163\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103 sau stabile\u015fte un anumit regim juridic (Exemplu: \u201eActul general al Conferin\u0163ei de la Berlin\u201d din 1885 privitor la problemele coloniale, \u201eActul general al Conferin\u0163ei de la Bruxelles\u201d din 1890 referitor la interzicerea comer\u0163ului cu scalvi etc.).  Practica interna\u0163ional\u0103 actual\u0103 folose\u015fte mai pu\u0163in aceast\u0103 categorie de tratate.<\/div>\n
\n            10) Declara\u0163ia<\/i> este actul interna\u0163ional prin care p\u0103r\u0163ile \u00ee\u015fi fixeaz\u0103 punctul de vedere sau modul lor de ac\u0163iune \u00een probleme de ordin politic, economic, juridic etc.<\/div>\n
\n            De obicei, cuprinde principiile generale dup\u0103 care statele \u00een\u0163eleg s\u0103 se conduc\u0103 \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale. Ex. : \u201eDeclara\u0163ia de la Postdam\u201d, din august 1945 a celor 4 mari puteri;\u201dDeclara\u0163ia cu privire la neutralitatea Laosului\u201d, din 1962;\u201dDeclara\u0163ia  universal\u0103 a drepturilor omului\u201ddin 1948 etc.<\/div>\n
\n            Un rol important au ast\u0103zi pentru comunitatea interna\u0163ional\u0103 declara\u0163iile Adun\u0103rii Generale a O.N.U. care, de\u015fi nu constituie un izvor de drept interna\u0163ional, constituie mijloace eficiente pentru cristalizarea principiilor de drept interna\u0163ional \u015fi pentru organizarea colabor\u0103rii \u00eentre state \u00een domenii de interes general (explorarea \u015fi folosirea spa\u0163iului cosmic, abolirea colonialismului, lichidarea tuturor formelor de discriminare rasial\u0103 etc.)<\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen practica interna\u0163ional\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc \u015fi declara\u0163ii unilaterale care, dac\u0103 sunt urmate de declara\u0163ii de acceptare din partea altor state, constituie o form\u0103 de angajament interna\u0163ional cu efecte juridice.<\/div>\n
\n            11) Aranjamentul<\/i> se folose\u015fte \u00een special \u00een domeniul schimburilor comerciale.<\/div>\n
\n            12) Compromisul <\/i>este acordul \u00eentre state de a transmite spre rezolvare, unei instan\u0163e judiciare sau arbitrale interna\u0163ionale, un anumit diferend intervenit \u00eentre ele.<\/div>\n
\n            13) Modus- vivendi<\/i> \u2013 un acord provizoriu, \u00een vederea unei solu\u0163ion\u0103ri definitive.<\/div>\n
\n            14) Schimbul de note \u015fi schimbul de scrisori<\/i> \u00eentre factori de r\u0103spundere, \u00eendeosebi \u00eentre reprezentan\u0163ii diplomatici, pot constitui angajamente interna\u0163ionale reciproce. Ex.: \u00een domeniul vizelor de pa\u015fapoarte, al transporturilor rutiere, \u00een colaborarea proivind regimul frontierei etc.<\/div>\n
\n            15) Gentlemen\u2019agreement<\/i> constituie un  tratat \u00eencheiat de obicei de \u015fefii de state sau alte persoane de mare autoritate, \u00een form\u0103 nescris\u0103. A fost folosit adesea \u00eentre monarhii feudali  \u015fi se folose\u015fte \u015fi ast\u0103zi.Ex.: \u00een\u0163elegerea \u00eentre Napoleon \u015fi  Alexandru I, \u00een\u0163elegerea \u00eentre marile puteri privind repartizarea locurilor de membri nepermanen\u0163i \u00een Consiliul de Securitate dup\u0103 criteriul geografic, sau cea privind nealegerea ca pre\u015fedinte al Adun\u0103rii Generale a O.N.U. a unui reprezentant al celor 5 membri permanen\u0163i ai Consiliului de Securitate.<\/div>\n
\n            16) Concordatul: \u00een\u0163elegere \u00eencheiat\u0103 \u00eentre guvernul unui stat \u015fi Vatican cu scopul de a reglementa situa\u0163ia \u015fi privilegiile bisericii catolice \u00een acel stat.<\/div>\n
\n            17) Cartelul: o \u00een\u0163elegere \u00eentre beligeran\u0163i, \u00eencheiat\u0103 de obicei de comandan\u0163ii militari, privind \u00een special schimbul de prizonieri sau de r\u0103ni\u0163i, circula\u0163ia persoanelor etc.<\/div>\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tratatul interna\u0163ional, ca instrument al rela\u0163iilor dintre state, se concretizeaz\u0103 \u00een practic\u0103 printr-o foarte mare diversitate de forme, fiecare cu denumirea sa specific\u0103. \u00cen literatura juridic\u0103 se consider\u0103 c\u0103 ar exista 38 de asemenea denumiri. Cele mai utilizate dintre acestea sunt: tratatul, conven\u0163ia, acordul, pactul, carta, statutul, constitu\u0163ia, protocolul, actul, declara\u0163ia, aranjamentul, compromisul, modus-vivendi, schimbul […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nDenumirea Tratatelor. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/denumirea-tratatelor-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Denumirea Tratatelor. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tratatul interna\u0163ional, ca instrument al rela\u0163iilor dintre state, se concretizeaz\u0103 \u00een practic\u0103 printr-o foarte mare diversitate de forme, fiecare cu denumirea sa specific\u0103. \u00cen literatura juridic\u0103 se consider\u0103 c\u0103 ar exista 38 de asemenea denumiri. 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