{"id":29179,"date":"2011-02-15T12:57:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-15T12:57:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:54:05","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:54:05","slug":"stramtorile-internationale-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Str\u00e2mtorile Interna\u0163ionale."},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>
\nStr\u00e2mtorile interna\u0163ionale sunt \u00eentinderi de ap\u0103 situate \u00eentre por\u0163iuni de uscat form\u00e2nd treceri \u00eenguste pentru naviga\u0163ie. Regimul juridic al acestora intereseaz\u0103 at\u00e2t statele riverane, pentru asigurarea propriei lor securit\u0103\u0163i, c\u00e2t \u015fi celelalte state ale lumii, pentru facilitarea naviga\u0163iei libere a navelor proprii, str\u00e2mtorile f\u0103c\u00e2nd posibil\u0103 scurtarea rutelor \u00eentre diferite porturi ale lumii.<\/div>\n
\n            P\u00e2n\u0103 la Conven\u0163ia din 1982 asupra dreptului m\u0103rii, dreptul interna\u0163ional nu cuprindea reguli general acceptate privind naviga\u0163ia prin str\u00e2mtorile interna\u0163ionale, exist\u00e2nd doar reglement\u0103ri punctuale asupra unora dintre acestea: Bosfor \u015fi Dardanele ( la Marea Neagr\u0103), Sun, Belul Mare \u015fi Belul Mic ( la Marea Baltic\u0103), Gibraltar, Magellan etc.<\/div>\n
\n            Regimul juridic stabilit prin Conven\u0163ia din 1982 prevede c\u0103 prin str\u00e2mtorile care leag\u0103  o parte a m\u0103rii libere sau o zon\u0103 economic\u0103 exclusiv\u0103 cu o alt\u0103 parte a m\u0103rii libere sau a zonei economice exclusive statele au un drept de trecere \u00een tranzit pentru navele lor, similar dreptului de trecere inofensiv\u0103 prin marea teritorial\u0103. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 navele \u00een cauz\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 realizeze un trafic continuu \u015fi rapid , s\u0103 se ab\u0163in\u0103 de la orice activit\u0103\u0163i care necesit\u0103 o autorizare prealabil\u0103 din partea statului riveran, sau care sunt interzise de acesta, ori care ar st\u00e2njeni naviga\u0163ia \u015fi s\u0103 respecte reglement\u0103rile privind naviga\u0163ia \u00een zon\u0103 stabilite de statele riverane.<\/div>\n
\n            Statele riverane au obliga\u0163ia de a asigura dreptul de trecere \u00een tranzit a tuturor navelor \u00een deplin\u0103 securitate, f\u0103r\u0103 nici o discriminare. Ele r\u0103m\u00e2n, \u00eens\u0103, suverane asupra acestor str\u00e2mtori.<\/div>\n
\n            Str\u00e2mtorile M\u0103rii Negre<\/i><\/div>\n
\n            Constituind singura ie\u015fire spre Marea Mediteran\u0103 pentru \u0163\u0103rile riverane M\u0103rii Negre, str\u00e2mtorile Bosfor \u015fi Dardanele prezint\u0103 at\u00e2t pentru \u0163\u0103rile respective, c\u00e2t \u015fi pentru alte \u0163\u0103ri, o importan\u0163\u0103 politic\u0103, militar\u0103 \u015fi economic\u0103 deosebit\u0103.<\/div>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\n            Stabilirea unui statut interna\u0163ional al Bosforului \u015fi Dardanelelor s-a f\u0103cut pentru prima oar\u0103 prin Pacea de la Kuciuk-Kainargi din 1874, p\u00e2n\u0103  atunci Imperiul otoman exercit\u00e2nd suveranitatea sa deplin\u0103 asupra acestora.Alte reglement\u0103riau fost realizate \u00eendeosebi prin Tratatul de la Adrianopole (1829), Tratatul de la Londra (1841) \u015fi Conven\u0163ia de la Lausanne(1923).Sub imperiul acestor reglement\u0103ri interna\u0163ionale regimul juridic al acestor str\u00e2mtori a oscilat \u00eentre libertatea deplin\u0103 pentru naviga\u0163ie  a navelor unor state (Rusia, Anglia etc.) sau pentru toate statele lumii \u015fi \u00eenchiderea lor total\u0103 pentru navele militare, demilitarizarea \u015fi neutralizarea lor.<\/div>\n
\n            Regimul juridic actual al celor dou\u0103 str\u00e2mtori este stabilit prin \u201eConven\u0163ia de la Montreux\u201d din 1936.<\/div>\n
\n            Potrivit acestei conven\u0163ii circula\u0163ia navelor comerciale prin str\u00e2mtori este liber\u0103 pentru toate statele lumii. \u00cen timp de r\u0103zboi circula\u0163ia este liber\u0103 numai dac\u0103 Turcia este neutr\u0103, iar dac\u0103 Turcia este beligerant\u0103 ea poate s\u0103 interzic\u0103 trecerea navelor comerciale ale statelor inamice, asigur\u00e2nd drept de liber\u0103 trecere pentru navele statelor neutre, cu condi\u0163ia ca acestea s\u0103 nu ajute vreun stat inamic.<\/div>\n
\n            Navele militare ale altor state au dreptul de a trece prin str\u00e2mtori \u00een timp de pace, dar cu unele restric\u0163ii. Statele riverane pot trece prin str\u00e2mtori orice nav\u0103 militar\u0103, inclusiv submarine, acestea \u00eens\u0103 fiind obligate s\u0103 navigheze numai ziua \u015fi la suprafa\u0163\u0103; pentru statele neriverane trecerea navelor militare este supus\u0103 unor restric\u0163ii de tonaj, de num\u0103r de nave \u015fi de tipul acestora.<\/div>\n

            \u00cen timp de r\u0103zboi, Turcia poate \u00eenchide str\u00e2mtorile pentru navele militare ale statelor inamice, iar dac\u0103 Turcia nu este beligerant\u0103 ea poate permite navelor de r\u0103zboi ale altor state s\u0103 treac\u0103 prin str\u00e2mtori, cu condi\u0163ia ca statele respective s\u0103 \u00eencheie cu ea acorduri de asisten\u0163\u0103 mutual\u0103. Dup\u0103 al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, marile puteri au c\u0103zut de acord la Postdam \u00een 1945 asupra revizuirii acestui tratat pentru a permite tonaje mai mari ale navelor militare, dar negocierile purtate ulterior nu au dus la nici un rezultat<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Str\u00e2mtorile interna\u0163ionale sunt \u00eentinderi de ap\u0103 situate \u00eentre por\u0163iuni de uscat form\u00e2nd treceri \u00eenguste pentru naviga\u0163ie. Regimul juridic al acestora intereseaz\u0103 at\u00e2t statele riverane, pentru asigurarea propriei lor securit\u0103\u0163i, c\u00e2t \u015fi celelalte state ale lumii, pentru facilitarea naviga\u0163iei libere a navelor proprii, str\u00e2mtorile f\u0103c\u00e2nd posibil\u0103 scurtarea rutelor \u00eentre diferite porturi ale lumii.             P\u00e2n\u0103 la […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nStr\u00e2mtorile Interna\u0163ionale. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Str\u00e2mtorile Interna\u0163ionale. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Str\u00e2mtorile interna\u0163ionale sunt \u00eentinderi de ap\u0103 situate \u00eentre por\u0163iuni de uscat form\u00e2nd treceri \u00eenguste pentru naviga\u0163ie. Regimul juridic al acestora intereseaz\u0103 at\u00e2t statele riverane, pentru asigurarea propriei lor securit\u0103\u0163i, c\u00e2t \u015fi celelalte state ale lumii, pentru facilitarea naviga\u0163iei libere a navelor proprii, str\u00e2mtorile f\u0103c\u00e2nd posibil\u0103 scurtarea rutelor \u00eentre diferite porturi ale lumii.             P\u00e2n\u0103 la […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-02-15T12:57:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-25T09:54:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"eurointern\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"eurointern\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/\",\"name\":\"Str\u00e2mtorile Interna\u0163ionale. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2011-02-15T12:57:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-25T09:54:05+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/#\/schema\/person\/2bf02c24278f4ce807817c8f91add34d\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Str\u00e2mtorile Interna\u0163ionale.\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/\",\"name\":\"Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\",\"description\":\"Internships\/ Scholarships\/ Grants\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/#\/schema\/person\/2bf02c24278f4ce807817c8f91add34d\",\"name\":\"eurointern\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4ba0ee69eda3e0c9ec9a3c49a6c7a82b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4ba0ee69eda3e0c9ec9a3c49a6c7a82b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"eurointern\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/rubyskynews.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/author\/eurointern28gmail-com\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Str\u00e2mtorile Interna\u0163ionale. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/stramtorile-internationale-2\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Str\u00e2mtorile Interna\u0163ionale. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/","og_description":"Str\u00e2mtorile interna\u0163ionale sunt \u00eentinderi de ap\u0103 situate \u00eentre por\u0163iuni de uscat form\u00e2nd treceri \u00eenguste pentru naviga\u0163ie. 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