{"id":29175,"date":"2011-02-15T12:58:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-15T12:58:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:54:05","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:54:05","slug":"marea-libera-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/marea-libera-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Marea Liber\u0103."},"content":{"rendered":"
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\nPrincipiul m\u0103rii libere a fost formulat \u00een 1609 de marele jurist Hugo Grotius, \u00een condi\u0163iile \u00een care , datorit\u0103 dezvolt\u0103rii comer\u0163ului interna\u0163ional, vechiul principiu al m\u0103rii \u00eenchise, specific evului mediu \u015fi de care profitau marile puteri navale ale epocii care revendicau drepturi exclusive asupra unor m\u0103ri sau a unor por\u0163iuni din oceane, nu mai satisf\u0103cea interesele proprii cu acces \u00een toate zonele lumii.<\/div>\n
\n            Principiul s-a impus apoi pe cale cutumiar\u0103, dar consacrarea sa conven\u0163ional\u0103 nu s-a produs dec\u00e2t \u00een secolul nostru prin Conven\u0163ia de la Geneva din 1958 asupra m\u0103rii libere.<\/div>\n
\n            Conven\u0163ia men\u0163ionat\u0103 definea marea liber\u0103 ca acea parte a m\u0103rii care nu apar\u0163inea m\u0103rii teritoriale sau apelor interioare ale unui stat \u015fi asupra c\u0103reia nu se exercit\u0103 suveranitatea vreunui stat, fiind deschis\u0103 tuturor na\u0163iunilor. Unele noi preciz\u0103ri s-au adus prin Conven\u0163ia din  1982 \u00een care se arat\u0103 c\u0103 regimul juridic al m\u0103rii libere se aplic\u0103 \u201e tuturor spa\u0163iilor marine care nu fac parte din zona economic\u0103 exclusiv\u0103, marea teritorial\u0103 ori apele interioare ale unui stat \u015fi nici din apele arhipelagice ale unui stat \u2013 arhipeleag\u201d.<\/div>\n
\n            Regimul juridic al m\u0103rii libere este guvernat de principiul libert\u0103\u0163ii m\u0103rilor, potrivit c\u0103ruia m\u0103rile \u015fi oceanele lumii sunt deschise tuturor statelor, indiferent dac\u0103 acestea au sau nu ie\u015fire la mare \u015fi nici un stat nu poate s\u0103-\u015fi declare suveranitatea sa asupra vreunei p\u0103r\u0163i libere.<\/div>\n

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\n            Principiul libert\u0103\u0163ii m\u0103rii confer\u0103 statelor lumii o serie de libert\u0103\u0163i concrete \u00een marea liber\u0103: libertatea de naviga\u0163ie, libertatea de survol, libertatea de a pescui, libertatea de a a\u015feza cabluri \u015fi conducte submarine, libertatea de a construi insule artificiale \u015fi alte instala\u0163ii autorizate de dreptul interna\u0163ional \u015fi libertatea cercet\u0103rii \u015ftiin\u0163ifice. Primele 4 libert\u0103\u0163i apar\u0163in dreptului clasic, fiind consacrate ca atare prin Conven\u0163ia din 1958, iar ultimele dou\u0103 sunt prev\u0103zute pentru prima oar\u0103 \u00een Conven\u0163ia din 1982, constituind una din inova\u0163iile \u00een materie aduse de aceasta.<\/div>\n
\n            Libertatea m\u0103rilor nu este, \u00eens\u0103, absolut\u0103.<\/div>\n
\n            Conven\u0163ia din 1982 impune statelor obliga\u0163ia de a coopera \u00een aceast\u0103 zon\u0103 \u015fi de a-\u015fi  exercita libert\u0103\u0163ile consacrate lu\u00e2nd \u00een considera\u0163ie interesele celorlalte state, precum \u015fi drepturile acestora cu privire la activit\u0103\u0163ile din zona interna\u0163ional\u0103 a spa\u0163iilor submarine..<\/div>\n
\n            Marea liber\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie utilizat\u0103 \u00een scopuri exclusiv pa\u015fnice, fiind interzise , de exemplu, experien\u0163ele nucleare \u00een marea liber\u0103 \u015fi spa\u0163iul aerian de deasupra sa (tratat din 1963) sau plasarea de arme nucleare pe fundul m\u0103rilor \u015fi oceanelor(tratat din 1971). Marea liber\u0103 nu este, \u00eens\u0103, demilitarizat\u0103, neutralizat\u0103 \u015fi denuclearizat\u0103, restric\u0163iile men\u0163ionate av\u00e2nd un caracter par\u0163ial, astfel c\u0103 \u00een timp de pace \u00een marea liber\u0103 este permis\u0103 existan\u0163a flotelor maritime militare, iar \u00een timp de r\u0103zboi marea liber\u0103 poate fi folosit\u0103 ca teatru de opera\u0163ii militare.<\/div>\n
\n            De asemenea, \u00een marea liber\u0103 statelor le revin o serie de obliga\u0163ii \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu prevenirea \u015fi sanc\u0163ionarea unor fapte care constituie amenin\u0163\u0103ri la adresa \u00eentregii comunit\u0103\u0163i interna\u0163ionale:<\/div>\n
\n            -de a preveni \u015fi pedepsi transportul de sclavi pe navele aflate sub pavilionul lor;<\/div>\n
\n            -de a coopera pentru reprimarea pirateriei \u00een orice loc aflat \u00een afara jurisdic\u0163iei unui stat;<\/div>\n
\n            -de a coopera pentru reprimarea traficului ilicit de stupefiante \u015fi de substan\u0163e psihotrofe;<\/div>\n
\n            -de a coopera \u00een interzicerea emisiunilor neautorizate de radio \u015fi televiziune care \u00ee\u015fi au baza \u00een aceast\u0103 zon\u0103 etc.<\/div>\n
\n            Navele de r\u0103zboi ale tuturor statelor au \u00een acest sens dreptul de a vizita orice nav\u0103, indiferent de na\u0163ionalitatea pavilionului acesteia, dac\u0103 exist\u0103 suspiciuni c\u0103 la bordul s\u0103u se s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fesc fapte de natura celor men\u0163ionate \u015fi de a urm\u0103ri o asemenea nav\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ce aceasta intr\u0103 \u00een zona de jurisdic\u0163ie a unui stat.<\/div>\n
\n            Statele au, de asemenea, obliga\u0163ia de a coopera pentru a asigura  ca navele comerciale s\u0103 poat\u0103 naviga \u00een deplin\u0103 securitate \u015fi de a lua toate m\u0103surile pentru prevenirea abordajelor pe mare \u015fi acordarea de ajutor navelor aflate \u00een pericol, echipajelor acestora \u015fi celelalte persoane aflate la bordul navelor.<\/div>\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Principiul m\u0103rii libere a fost formulat \u00een 1609 de marele jurist Hugo Grotius, \u00een condi\u0163iile \u00een care , datorit\u0103 dezvolt\u0103rii comer\u0163ului interna\u0163ional, vechiul principiu al m\u0103rii \u00eenchise, specific evului mediu \u015fi de care profitau marile puteri navale ale epocii care revendicau drepturi exclusive asupra unor m\u0103ri sau a unor por\u0163iuni din oceane, nu mai satisf\u0103cea […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nMarea Liber\u0103. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/marea-libera-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marea Liber\u0103. - 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