{"id":29139,"date":"2011-02-15T13:19:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-15T13:19:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:53:55","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:53:55","slug":"recunoasterea-internationala-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/recunoasterea-internationala-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Recunoa\u015fterea Interna\u0163ional\u0103."},"content":{"rendered":"
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Institu\u0163ia recunoa\u015fterii interna\u0163ionale a ap\u0103rut \u00een secolul al XVIII \u2013 lea \u015fi s-a conturat mai precis \u00een secolul urm\u0103tor, \u00een special dup\u0103 Congresul de la Viena care instituia un adev\u0103rat directorat asupra vie\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, statele membre ale \u201eSfintei Alian\u0163e\u201d angaj\u00e2nd reporturi de drept interna\u0163ional numai cu statele pe care ele le recuno\u015fteau. Recunoa\u015fterea  are drept obiect apari\u0163ia unui nou subiect de drept interna\u0163ional, cum sunt statele sau mi\u015fc\u0103rile de eliberare na\u0163ional\u0103, dar exist\u0103 \u015fi recunoa\u015fterea  guvernelor, a unor modific\u0103ri teritoriale, a calit\u0103\u0163ii de beligerant, a statutului de neutralitate permanent\u0103, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n            a) Recunoa\u015fterea statelor<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea statelor nu prive\u015fte statele deja existente, ci doar apari\u0163ia unui nou stat \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu care se pune problema  accept\u0103rii lui ca subiect de drept interna\u0163ional de c\u0103tre celelalte state.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Apari\u0163ia unor state este un proces \u00eenc\u0103 actual, put\u00e2nd fi rezultatul unor \u00eemprejur\u0103ri cum ar fi: dizolvarea sau dezmembrarea unui stat, separarea  unor p\u0103r\u0163i dintr-un  stat prin secesiune sau regruparea unor state \u00eentr-o nou\u0103 entitate statal\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Practica interna\u0163ional\u0103 a dovedit c\u0103 recunoa\u015fterea poate s\u0103 joace un rol important \u00een rela\u0163iile dintre state.\u00cen epoca noastr\u0103 sunt cunoscute complica\u0163iile de ordin politic \u015fi juridic ce s-au creat dup\u0103 constituirea U.R.S.S. \u015fi apari\u0163ia Chinei ca stat independent, ori mai recent prin dezmembrarea U.R.S.S. \u015fi aparitia de noi state desprinse din fosta Iugoslavie.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea unui stat poate fi definit\u0103 ca un act unilateral prin care unui sau mai multe state admit in mod explicit sau implicit (tacit) c\u0103 ele consider\u0103 o nou\u0103 entitate juridic\u0103 drept stat \u015fi c\u0103 \u00eei recunosc personalitatea juridic\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103, deci capacitatea de a ob\u0163ine drepturi \u015fi de a contracta obliga\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea este un act politic, generator de efecte juridice.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea este un  act unilateral.Ea constituie o expresie a suveranit\u0103\u0163ii , un  stat av\u00e2nd dreptul de a recunoa\u015fte un  alt stat, nu \u015fi obliga\u0163ia de a o face.<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

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\n            De\u015fi dreptul de a recunoa\u015fte un stat este discre\u0163ionar, refuzul recunoa\u015fterii nu se poate face dec\u00e2t pe baza unor principii \u015fi norme general acceptate de comunitatea interna\u0163ional\u0103. Nerecunoa\u015fterea  unui stat poate fi considerat\u0103, \u00een lipsa unei motiv\u0103ri temeinice, ca neamical\u0103, cre\u00e2nd dificult\u0103\u0163i \u00een calea normaliz\u0103rii rela\u0163iilor dintre  state \u015fi favoriz\u00e2nd factorii care se opun evolu\u0163iilor noi \u00een societatea interna\u0163ional\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Aceast\u0103 institutie a fost folosit\u0103 uneori \u00een mod abuziv, \u00een scopuri politice, statele mai puternice pun\u00e2nd adesea condi\u0163ii la recunoa\u015ftere sau exercit\u00e2nd presiuni asupra noilor state sau folosind aceast\u0103 cale pentru a limita rela\u0163iile cu statele respective.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea are un caracter declarativ, constituind un act de constatare a apari\u0163iei unui stat nou, ca subiect de drept interna\u0163ional.Ea nu confer\u0103 noului stat calitatea de stat, pe care aceasta o dob\u00e2nde\u015fte  din momontul cre\u0103rii sale.Refuzul de a nu recunoa\u015fte un  nou stat nu afecteaz\u0103 existen\u0163a acestuia , dar \u00ee\u015fi p\u0103strez\u0103 calitatea de subiect de drept, cu toate consecin\u0163ele ce ducurg din aceasta.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen faza ini\u0163ial\u0103 a apari\u0163iei recunoa\u015fterii, dar \u015fi ulterior, s-a acordat acesteia un  caracter constitutiv de drepturi, \u00een sensul c\u0103 statele ar exista numai dac\u0103 sunt recunoscute de alte state.Ast\u0103zi o asemenea abordare este contrar\u0103 principiilor care guverneaz\u0103 rela\u0163iile dintre state.Ea duce la un tratament inadmisibli, \u00een sensul c\u0103 statele ar fi \u00eendrept\u0103\u0163ite s\u0103 se comporte \u00een mod arbitrar fa\u0163\u0103 de a entitate pe care nu o recunosc, ridic\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 o problem\u0103 insolubil\u0103, aceea a num\u0103rului de recunoa\u015fteri necesare pentru ca un stat s\u0103 fie recunoscut, deci admis ca participant cu drepturi egale \u00een cadrul comunit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale. Statul are o personalitate juridic\u0103 unic\u0103, el neput\u00e2nd fi subiect de drept interna\u0163ional fa\u0163\u0103 de statele care \u00eel recunosc \u015fi lipsit de aceast\u0103 calitate fa\u0163\u0103 de celelalte state.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            De\u015fi \u00een principiu recunoa\u015fterea nu poate avea dec\u00e2t un caracter declarativ, \u00een practica rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale numai prin recunoa\u015ftere un  stat se poate manifesta efectiv \u015fi pe deplin ca subiect de drept interna\u0163ional.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea are drept efect practic stabilirea unor rela\u0163ii normale \u00eentre state, ea constituind \u00een fapt punctul de placare al manifest\u0103rii personalit\u0103\u0163ii statului recunoscut \u00een raport cu alte state. Din acel moment statul recunoscut poate stabili rela\u0163ii diplomatice cu statul sau statele care l-au recunoscut, i se recunoa\u015fte dreptul la imunitate de jurisdic\u0163ie \u015fi de execu\u0163ie \u00een fa\u0163a instan\u0163elor statului care l-a recunoscut, cu efecte asupra dreptului s\u0103u de a dispune de bunurile pe care le are pe teritoriul altui stat, poate intenta ac\u0163iuni judiciare \u00een statele care \u00eel recunosc, poate \u00eencheia tratate bilaterale cu acestea, etc.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea poate \u00eembr\u0103ca mai multe forme.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Ea poate fi mai \u00eent\u00eei de jure \u015fi de facto.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea de jure este recunoa\u015fterea deplin\u0103 \u015fi definitiv\u0103 a unui stat.Ea este irevocabil\u0103, efectele ei sting\u00e2ndu-se numai odat\u0103 cu \u00eencetarea calit\u0103\u0163ii de subiect de drept interna\u0163ional a statului recunoscut.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea  de facto are un caracter limitat \u015fi provizoriu, put\u00e2nd fi revocat\u0103 oric\u00e2nd , ea exprim\u00e2ndu-se \u00eentr-un c\u00e2mp limitat de rela\u0163ii, de obicei rela\u0163ii comerciale \u015fi diplomatice limitate.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00centre recunoa\u015fterea de jure \u015fi cea de facto nu sunt deosebiri de esen\u0163\u0103, iar limitele dintre sunt greu de stabilit, recunoa\u015fterea de facto constituind de regul\u0103 o faz\u0103 preg\u0103titoare  a recunoa\u015fterii de jure.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea  poate fi expres\u0103 sau tacit\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea expres\u0103 se face \u00een baza unui act care poate lua diferite forme: o not\u0103 diplomatic\u0103, o declara\u0163ie de recunoa\u015ftere un mesaj al \u015fefului statului sau chiar o telegram\u0103 de felicitare din partea \u015fefului statului, a \u015fefului guvernului sau a ministrului de externe.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea tacit\u0103 poate fi dedus\u0103 din ac\u0163iunile concludente ale unui stat cum sunt: stabilirea de rela\u0163ii diplomatice, \u00eencheierea  unui tratat bilateral de reglementare a rela\u0163iilor politice generale etc.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            S-a pus problema dac\u0103 admiterea particip\u0103rii unui stat la o organiza\u0163ie interna\u0163ional\u0103, la o conferin\u0163\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103 sau la un tratat multilateral poate echivala  cu recunoa\u015fterea sa tacit\u0103 de c\u0103tre toate statele participante.Se consider\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een principiu, \u00een asemenea situa\u0163ii simpla participare  nu echivaleaz\u0103 cu recunoa\u015fterea , la  asemenea forme de rela\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale lu\u00e2nd parte adesea \u015fi state care nu se recunosc reciproc, dar dac\u0103, de exemplu, un stat voteaz\u0103 \u00een favoarea admiterii unui nou membru \u00eentr-o organiza\u0163ie interna\u0163ional\u0103, exprim\u00e2ndu-\u015fi astfel in mod clar atitudinea fa\u0163\u0103 de acesta, votul exprimat poate fi apreciat ca o recunoa\u015ftere tacit\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            b) Recunoa\u015fterea guvernelor<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen mod normal recunoa\u015fterea unui stat \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u015fi recunoa\u015fterea guvernului legitim al acestuia.Problema ca un guvern s\u0103 fie recunoscut separat nu se pune dec\u00e2t \u00een situa\u0163ii speciale, c\u00e2nd \u00eentr-un stat se instaleaz\u0103  un nou guvern, nu pe calea legal\u0103 prev\u0103zut\u0103 de Constitu\u0163ia statului respectiv , ci prin for\u0163\u0103, ca urmare a unei revolu\u0163ii sau a unei lovituri  de stat prin care se schimb\u0103  regimul politic ori forma de guvern\u0103m\u00e2nt a statului respectiv.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea unui guvern nu pune \u00een cauz\u0103 recunoa\u015fterea statului \u00een cauz\u0103, dar nerecunoa\u015fterea guvernului \u00eempiedic\u0103 men\u0163inerea ori stabilirea de rela\u0163ii normale \u00eentre state.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea  guvernelor poate fi, ca \u015fi \u00een cazul statelor, de jure sau de facto, expres\u0103 sau tacit\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 unele ra\u0163iuni de ordin politic, la recunoa\u015fterea unui nou guvern se discut\u0103 in general urm\u0103toarele criterii care \u0163in de legitimitatea  \u015fi efectivitatea acestuia: dac\u0103 el exercit\u0103 o autoritate efectiv\u0103, dac\u0103 autoritatea sa se exercit\u0103 asupra \u00eentregului teritoriu sau unei importante p\u0103r\u0163i din teritoriul de stat \u015fi dac\u0103 se bucur\u0103 de sprijinul majorit\u0103\u0163ii popula\u0163iei.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            De asemenea, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 legitimitatea \u015fi efectivitatea unui guvern la recunoa\u015fterea sa este pus\u0103 \u00een cauz\u0103 \u015fi capacitatea noului guvern de a se achita de obliga\u0163iile sale interna\u0163ionale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Odat\u0103 \u00eentrunite aceste condi\u0163ii nu exist\u0103 motive din punctul de vedere al dreptului interna\u0163ional ca un guvern s\u0103 nu fie recunoscut.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Asupra recunoa\u015fterii legitimit\u0103\u0163ii unui guvern s-au formulat unele teorii, \u00een special \u00een spa\u0163iul latino-american.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Doctrina Tobar, dup\u0103 numele unui ministru de externe ecuadorian de la \u00eenceputul secolului nostru, afirma un legitimism constitu\u0163ional, \u00een sensul c\u0103 un guvern constituit prin mijloace contrare constitu\u0163ieinu trebuie s\u0103 fie recunoscut p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd \u0163ara nu va fi organizat\u0103 \u00een forme constitu\u0163ionale, pe baz\u0103 de alegeri libere.O asemenea abordare favorizeaz\u0103 interven\u0163ia \u00een afacerile interne ale altui stat, subordon\u00e2nd problemele politice  \u015fi constitu\u0163ionale interne ale unui stat aprecierii altui stat \u015fi a fost folosit\u0103 ca atare \u00eempotriva unor regimuri politice democratice instalate \u00een \u0163\u0103ri din America Latin\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Doctrina Estrada a fost formulat\u0103 \u00een 1930 de ministrul de externe al Mexicului  al c\u0103rui nume \u00eel poart\u0103, pentru a se evita interpretarea c\u0103 nerecunoa\u015fterea unui guvern echivaleaz\u0103 cu dezaprobarea acestuia, pe care o implic\u0103 doctrina Tobar.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Potrivit acestei doctrine nici un guvern <\/span><\/div>\n
\nafirma c\u0103 guvernul mexican se va m\u0103rgini la men\u0163inerea sau rechemarea reprezentan\u0163ilor s\u0103i diplomatici, ori la acceptarea agen\u0163ilor diplomatici ai altor state dup\u0103 cum va considera oportun, f\u0103r\u0103 a aprecia \u00een mod unilateral asupra dreptului altor na\u0163iuni de a-\u015fi men\u0163ine sau schimba guvernul .<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Inspir\u00e2ndu-se din doctrina Estrada, majoritatea statelor se ab\u0163in ast\u0103zi s\u0103 mai recunoasc\u0103 guvernele, recunosc\u00e2nd numai statele.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            c) Recunoa\u015fterea beligeran\u0163ei \u015fi insurec\u0163iei<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen cazul \u00een care pe teritoriul unui stat are loc o r\u0103scoal\u0103 armat\u0103 \u00eempotriva guvernului legal constituit, iar aceasta \u015fi-a constituit organe de conducere politic\u0103 \u015fi militar\u0103, desf\u0103\u015foar\u0103 ac\u0163iuni militare \u00een form\u0103 organizat\u0103 \u015fi controleaz\u0103 o parte a teritoriului , se pune problema recunoa\u015fterii calit\u0103\u0163ii de beligerant sau insurgent de c\u0103tre guvernul statului respectiv sau de c\u0103tre alte guverne.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea unei asemenea calit\u0103\u0163i de c\u0103tre guvernul statului respectiv are drept efect c\u0103 r\u0103scula\u0163ii nu mai pot fi trata\u0163i ca infractori, ci li se aplic\u0103 regimul prizonierilor de r\u0103zboi \u00een cazul \u00een care nu sunt prin\u015fi, iar cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u0163i la conflict sunt obligate s\u0103 aplice normele privind dreptul interna\u0163ional umanitar \u00een caz de conflict armat, iar recunoa\u015fterea  de c\u0103tre guvernele altor state are drept efect tratarea guvernului \u015fi a r\u0103scula\u0163ilor \u00een mod egal.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            d) Recunoa\u015fterea mi\u015fc\u0103rilor de eliberare interna\u0163ional\u0103 a ap\u0103rut ca o necesitate \u00een epoca modern\u0103, iar ca institu\u0163ie juridic\u0103 reprezint\u0103 o dezvoltare a recunoa\u015fterii beligeran\u0163ei sau insurgen\u0163ei.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial s-au recunoscut legitimitatea comitetului na\u0163ional polonez \u015fi a celui cehoslovac ca reprezentante ale popoarelor lor \u00een lupta pentru eliberarea teritoriilor care se aflau atunci sub domina\u0163ia str\u0103in\u0103, precum \u015fi guvernele \u00een exil constituite de acestea, dar \u015fi de alte state.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Dup\u0103 al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial mi\u015fc\u0103rile de eliberare na\u0163ional\u0103 \u015fi cele anticoloniale au luat o mare amploare \u00een condi\u0163iile politicii de decolonizare duse \u00een cadrul O.N.U., problema recunoa\u015fterii mi\u015fc\u0103rilor \u015fi a organelor constituite de acestea pun\u00e2ndu-se foarte frecvent.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea organelor de conducere ale mi\u015fc\u0103rilor respective a creat condi\u0163iile  ca numeroase state s\u0103 stabileasc\u0103 rela\u0163ii oficiale cu mi\u015fc\u0103rile de eliberare na\u0163ional\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 le sprijine \u00een lupta lor pentru constituirea  de state independente, iar aceste mi\u015fc\u0103ri au putut s\u0103 aib\u0103 acces la via\u0163a interna\u0163ional\u0103, s\u0103 participe la activitatea organiza\u0163iilor intyerna\u0163ionale \u015fi \u00een cadrul O.N.U. \u00een calitate de observatori \u015fi s\u0103-\u015fi promoveze astfel propriile interese.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Recunoa\u015fterea mi\u015fc\u0103rilor de eliberare na\u0163ional\u0103 constituie de regul\u0103 premerg\u0103toare recunoa\u015fterii statului ce se va forma ca rezultat final al luptei acestora.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Institu\u0163ia recunoa\u015fterii interna\u0163ionale a ap\u0103rut \u00een secolul al XVIII \u2013 lea \u015fi s-a conturat mai precis \u00een secolul urm\u0103tor, \u00een special dup\u0103 Congresul de la Viena care instituia un adev\u0103rat directorat asupra vie\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, statele membre ale \u201eSfintei Alian\u0163e\u201d angaj\u00e2nd reporturi de drept interna\u0163ional numai cu statele pe care ele le recuno\u015fteau. Recunoa\u015fterea  are drept […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nRecunoa\u015fterea Interna\u0163ional\u0103. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/recunoasterea-internationala-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Recunoa\u015fterea Interna\u0163ional\u0103. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Institu\u0163ia recunoa\u015fterii interna\u0163ionale a ap\u0103rut \u00een secolul al XVIII \u2013 lea \u015fi s-a conturat mai precis \u00een secolul urm\u0103tor, \u00een special dup\u0103 Congresul de la Viena care instituia un adev\u0103rat directorat asupra vie\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, statele membre ale \u201eSfintei Alian\u0163e\u201d angaj\u00e2nd reporturi de drept interna\u0163ional numai cu statele pe care ele le recuno\u015fteau. 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