{"id":29131,"date":"2011-02-15T13:24:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-15T13:24:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:53:55","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:53:55","slug":"notiunea-de-subiect-al-dreptului-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/notiunea-de-subiect-al-dreptului-2\/","title":{"rendered":"No\u0163iunea de Subiect al Dreptului Interna\u0163ional."},"content":{"rendered":"
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\nSubiecte ale dreptului sunt acele entit\u0103\u0163i capabile s\u0103-\u015fi asume drepturi \u015fi obliga\u0163ii \u00een cadrul unui raport juridic. \u00cen dreptul intern calitatea de subiect de drept o pot avea persoanele, fie c\u0103 acestea sunt persoane fizice sau persoane juridice. \u00cen cadrul dreptului interna\u0163ional subiecte de drept pot fi numai acele entit\u0103\u0163i care particip\u0103 at\u00e2t la elaborarea normelor dreptului interna\u0163ional, c\u00e2t \u015fi la desf\u0103\u015furarea raporturilor juridice guvernate de aceste norme, dob\u00e2ndind astfel nemijlocit drepturi \u015fi asum\u00e2ndu-\u015fi obliga\u0163ii \u00een cadrul ordinii juridice interna\u0163ionale. Statele constituie principalele subiecte  de drept interna\u0163ional.Acestea au caracterul de subiecte originare, tipice, fundamentale ale dreptului interna\u0163ional, \u00eentruc\u00e2t numai statele, \u00een virtutea suveranit\u0103\u0163ii lor au dreptul nelimitat de a participa la elaborarea  normelor de drept interna\u0163ional \u015fi \u00ee\u015fi pot asuma \u00een totalitate drepturile \u015fi obliga\u0163iile prev\u0103zute de dreptul interna\u0163ional.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            De altfel, \u00een dreptul interna\u0163ional clasic statele constituiau singurele subiecte de drept interna\u0163ional, de\u015fi existau \u015fi opinii \u00een sensul c\u0103 singurele subiecte de drept interna\u0163ioonal ar fi persoanele fizice, opinii nevalidate de realitatea raporturilor interna\u0163ionale.<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

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\n            Statul particip\u0103 \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale ca purt\u0103tor de suveranitate.Suveranitatea este o caracteristic\u0103 esen\u0163ial\u0103 \u015fi necesar\u0103 a fiec\u0103rui stat, un drept intrinsec (inerent) al acestuia.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Ca atribut esen\u0163ial al statului, suveranitatea \u00eenseamn\u0103 suprema\u0163ia puterii de stat pe plan intern \u015fi independen\u0163a acesteia fa\u0163\u0103 de orice alt\u0103 putere \u00een sfera raporturilor interna\u0163ionale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Din punct de vedere al dreptului interna\u0163ional suveranitatea const\u0103 \u00een independen\u0163a deplin\u0103 politic\u0103 \u015fi economic\u0103 a statului, \u00een dreptul acestuia de a stabili \u015fi a \u00eenf\u0103ptui o politic\u0103 intern\u0103 \u015fi extern\u0103 independent\u0103.Statul suveran este un stat care nu este supus nici unui alt stat, exercit\u00e2ndu-\u015fi puterea politic\u0103 asupra \u00eentregului teritoriu al \u0163\u0103rii \u015fi \u00een rela\u0163iile sale interna\u0163ionale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen virtutea suveranit\u0103\u0163ii lor, statele au dreptul de a-\u015fi alege \u015fi dezvolta \u00een mod liber sistemul lor politic, economic, social \u015fi cultural, de a-\u015fi organiza via\u0163a intern\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 nici un amestec sau constr\u00e2ngere din afar\u0103 \u015fi de a-\u015fi stabili propria politic\u0103 intern\u0103 \u015fi extern\u0103 \u00een mod independent, cu respectarea evident a personalit\u0103\u0163ii celorlalte state, a drepturilor inerente suveranit\u0103\u0163ii acestora.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Activ\u00e2nd pe planul rela\u0163iilor dintre ele potrivit suveranit\u0103\u0163ii lor, statele creaz\u0103 normele de drept interna\u0163ional, iar principiile \u015fi normele dreptului interna\u0163ional sunt destinate s\u0103 asigure \u015fi s\u0103 garanteze \u00eenf\u0103ptuirea suveranit\u0103\u0163ii statelor.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Statele sunt, \u00een virtutea suveranit\u0103\u0163ii lor, egale \u00een drepturi, chiar dac\u0103 de-a lungul istoriei inegalitatea lor de fapt din punct de vedere al teritoriului, al popula\u0163iei, al for\u0163ei economice, militare sau tehnice a fost transformat\u0103 \u015fi concretizat\u0103 \u00een raporturile dintre ele ca o inegalitate de drept. Egalitatea juridic\u0103 exclude subordonarea unor state fa\u0163\u0103 de altele \u015fi pune pe picior de egalitate toate statele \u00een fa\u0163a dreptului, indiferent de orice elemente de fapt ce ar reflecta o inegalitate \u00eentre ele.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Exercitarea suveranit\u0103\u0163ii statelor are drept consecin\u0163\u0103 egalitatea \u00een drepturi a acestora, dar totodat\u0103 respectarea acestei egalit\u0103\u0163i reprezint\u0103 cea mai eficace protec\u0163ie a suveranit\u0103\u0163ii statelor \u00een planul rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale.Declara\u0163ia Adun\u0103rii generale a O.N.U. din 1970 referitoare la principiile dreptului interna\u0163ional privind rela\u0163iile prietene\u015fti \u015fi cooperarea dintre state potrivit \u201eCartei Na\u0163iunilor Unite\u201d prevede c\u0103: \u201eToate statele se bucur\u0103 de egalitatea suveran\u0103.Ele au drepturi \u015fi obliga\u0163ii egale \u015fi sunt membri egali ai comunit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale indiferent de deosebirile de ordin economic, social, politic sau de alt\u0103 natur\u0103\u201d.   \u00cen dreptul interna\u0163ional contemporan al\u0103turi de state se recunoa\u015fte calitatea de subiect de drept interna\u0163ional \u015fi altor entit\u0103\u0163i, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd organiza\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale interguvernamentale \u015fi mi\u015fc\u0103rilor de eliberare na\u0163ional\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale au calitatea de subiect derivat al dreptului interna\u0163ional.Capacitatea lor de a-\u015fi asuma drepturi \u015fi obliga\u0163ii rezult\u0103 din personalitatea juridic\u0103 distinct\u0103 de cea a statelor care o compun.Ea este limitat\u0103, potrivit principiului specialit\u0103\u0163ii, de caracterul drepturilor \u015fi obliga\u0163iilor pe care statele au hot\u0103r\u00e2t ca aceste organiza\u0163ii s\u0103 \u015fi le asume \u00een vederea realiz\u0103rii scopurilor pentru care au fost \u00eenfiin\u0163ate.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00centinderea acestor drepturi \u015fi obliga\u0163ii rezult\u0103 de regul\u0103 din statutul lor.\u00cen lumina prevederilor statutului, a scopurilor \u015fi activit\u0103\u0163ii organiza\u0163iei, a cerin\u0163elor realiz\u0103rii func\u0163iilor ei se poate stabili dac\u0103 o organiza\u0163ie interna\u0163ional\u0103 poate s\u0103 \u00eencheie tratate cu alte organiza\u0163ii sau cu statele, dac\u0103 \u015fi \u00een ce limite poate s\u0103 intre \u00een alte raporturi juridice cu acestea \u015fi se poate conchide asupra configura\u0163iei personalit\u0103\u0163ii sale juridice \u015fi implicit a calit\u0103\u0163ii sale de subiect de drept interna\u0163ional.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Exist\u0103, astfel, o mare deosebire \u00eentre \u00eentinderea personalit\u0103\u0163ii juridice a O.N.U., de exemplu, ca organiza\u0163ie cu voca\u0163ie universal\u0103, \u015fi cea a unei organiza\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale regionale sau cu caracter de specialitate.O.N.U. poate duce tratative \u015fi \u00eencheia acorduri cu statele membre \u015fi cu alte organiza\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, se bucur\u0103 de capacitate juridic\u0103, de privilegii \u015fi imunit\u0103\u0163i pe teritoriul statelor membre, are dreptul la ambasad\u0103 pasiv, acredit\u00e2nd reprezentan\u0163i ai statelor cu acela\u015fi statut ca \u015fi reprezentan\u0163ii diplomatici obi\u015fnui\u0163i, \u00eenlesne\u015fte elaborarea de norme de drept interna\u0163ional etc.Alte organiza\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale au drepturi \u015fi obliga\u0163ii mai restr\u00e2nse.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Mi\u015fc\u0103rile de eliberare na\u0163ional\u0103 se pot manifesta pe plan interna\u0163\u00eeonal, \u00een m\u0103sura \u00een care ele sunt recunoscute de c\u0103tre satte, \u00ee\u015fi pot asuma, \u00een anumite condi\u0163ii (existen\u0163a unui organ reprezentativ care s\u0103 se manifeste \u00een numele unei na\u0163iuni \u015fi a unui teritoriu na\u0163ional recunoscut, de regul\u0103) unele obliga\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale sau li se pot recunoa\u015fte anumite drepturi \u00een baza principiului autodetermin\u0103rii, pot fi parte la unele tratate multilaterale sau bilaterale care prezint\u0103 un interes legitim pentru ele \u015fi pot angaja raporturi cu alte state sau cu unele organiza\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen afara statelor, ca subiecte principale de drept interna\u0163ional, precum \u015fi a organiza\u0163iilor interguvernamentale \u015fi a mi\u015fc\u0103rilor de eliberare na\u0163ional\u0103, exist\u0103 \u015fi alte entit\u0103\u0163i \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu care se pune problema calit\u0103\u0163ii de subiect de drept interna\u0163ional.Acestea sunt organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale neguvernamentale, corpora\u0163iile transna\u0163ionale \u015fi persoanele fizice.Pozi\u0163iile exprimate asupra acestei probleme \u00een doctrin\u0103, dar \u015fi \u00een practica rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale, sunt foarte diferite.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale neguvernamentale se constituie, de regul\u0103, potrivit legii interne a statului \u00een care sunt \u00eenregistrate.\u00cen raporturile cu statele respective ele sunt \u00een general considerate ca simple asocia\u0163ii interne, supuse propriei legisla\u0163ii referitoare la aceste categorii de persoane  juridice, iar \u00een raporturile lor cu organiza\u0163iile interguvernamentale se admite c\u0103 ele pot s\u0103 participe la activitatea acestora, cu condi\u0163ia c\u0103 statutul organiza\u0163iilor interguvernamentale s\u0103 prevad\u0103 posibilitatea unei asemenea particip\u0103ri.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Societ\u0103\u0163ile transna\u0163ionale sunt, \u00een general, tot societ\u0103\u0163i de drept intern.Datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 activitatea lor se desf\u0103\u015foar\u0103 pe teritoriul mai multor \u0163\u0103ri, c\u0103 au o for\u0163\u0103 economic\u0103 \u015fi o diversitate mare a activit\u0103\u0163ilor care fac necesar s\u0103 intre \u00een raporturi cu toate statele \u00een care activitatea  lor e permis\u0103, \u00eencheind \u015fi conven\u0163ii cu acestea \u00een variate probleme privind statutul \u015fi activitatea lor, s-au emis \u015fi opinii \u00een sensul c\u0103 asemenea organiza\u0163ii \u00eencheie acte de drept interna\u0163ional, c\u0103 ar putea, deci, avea calitatea de subiect de drept interna\u0163ional.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen stadiul actual de dezvoltare a dreptului interna\u0163ional nu se poate afirma, \u00eens\u0103, c\u0103 at\u00e2t organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale neguvernamentale, c\u00e2t \u015fi societ\u0103\u0163ile transna\u0163ionale au dob\u00e2ndit tr\u0103s\u0103turile unor subiecte de drept interna\u0163ional.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Persoanele fizice, dup\u0103 cum se \u015ftie, sunt subiecte ale dreptului intern al statelor.Problema dac\u0103 acestea pot avea \u015fi calitatea de subiect de drept interna\u0163ional este foarte controversat\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen dreptul interna\u0163ional contemporan persoanelor fizice li s-a creat un statut tot mai favorabil \u00een raport cu statele, recunosc\u00e2ndu-li-se anumite drepturi a c\u0103ror ocrotire trebuie s\u0103 se realizeze dincolo de limitele legisla\u0163iilor na\u0163ionale.\u00cen anumite limite, \u00een special \u00een cadrul european, persoanele fizice pot reclama statele, inclusiv cele ale c\u0103ror cet\u0103\u0163eni sunt, \u00een fa\u0163a unor foruri interna\u0163ionale cu caracter administrativ \u015fi chiar jurisdic\u0163ional, ale c\u0103ror hot\u0103r\u00e2ri devin opozabile statelor respective.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            De asemenea, persoanele fizice pot fi trase la r\u0103spundere pentru anumite fapte penale grave (crimele interna\u0163ionale), cum ar fi crimele \u00eempotrive p\u0103cii, crimele \u00eempotrive umanit\u0103\u0163ii \u015fi crimele de r\u0103zboi, sau alte crime stabilite prin conven\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale (genocidul, apartheidul, pirateria, traficul de stupefiante etc.) de c\u0103tre tribunalele penale interna\u0163ionale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            De\u015fi sub ambele aspecte men\u0163ionate persoanele fizice sunt tot mai prezente \u00een plan interna\u0163ional, perspectiva consolid\u0103rii acestei evolu\u0163ii fiind favorabil\u0103, nu se poate vorbi \u00eenc\u0103 de o recunoa\u015ftere a calit\u0103\u0163ii lor de subiecte de drept interna\u0163ional, drepturile \u015fi obliga\u0163iile lor fiind stabilite de c\u0103tre state at\u00e2t \u00een baza legilor interne, c\u00e2t \u015fi prin conven\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale semnate de acestea.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Subiecte ale dreptului sunt acele entit\u0103\u0163i capabile s\u0103-\u015fi asume drepturi \u015fi obliga\u0163ii \u00een cadrul unui raport juridic. \u00cen dreptul intern calitatea de subiect de drept o pot avea persoanele, fie c\u0103 acestea sunt persoane fizice sau persoane juridice. \u00cen cadrul dreptului interna\u0163ional subiecte de drept pot fi numai acele entit\u0103\u0163i care particip\u0103 at\u00e2t la elaborarea […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nNo\u0163iunea de Subiect al Dreptului Interna\u0163ional. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/notiunea-de-subiect-al-dreptului-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"No\u0163iunea de Subiect al Dreptului Interna\u0163ional. - 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