{"id":29107,"date":"2011-02-15T13:37:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-15T13:37:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:53:50","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:53:50","slug":"dreptul-international-si-dreptul-intern-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/dreptul-international-si-dreptul-intern-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Dreptul Interna\u0163ional \u015fi Dreptul Intern."},"content":{"rendered":"
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Raportul dintre dreptul interna\u0163ional public \u015fi dreptul intern constituie una dintre problemele de baz\u0103 ale filozofiei juridice, av\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 \u015fi o deosebit\u0103 importan\u0163\u0103 practic\u0103. Dreptul international public \u015fi dreptul intern al statelor sunt dou\u0103 sisteme de norme \u015fi dou\u0103 tipuri de drept distincte, cu obiect de reglementare, izvoare \u015fi metode diferite. De\u015fi diferite, \u00eens\u0103, cele dou\u0103 sisteme se \u00eentrep\u0103trund prin intermediul statelor, care sunt creatoare at\u00e2t ale normelor de drept interna\u0163ional, c\u00e2t \u015fi ale normelor de drept intern \u015fi care vegheaz\u0103 la aplicarea  lor at\u00e2t \u00een ordinea intern\u0103 a statelor c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een ordinea interna\u0163ional\u0103. Prin acceptarea de c\u0103tre stat, pe baza liberului acord de voin\u0163\u0103, a normelor de drept interna\u0163ional, acestea devin obligatorii \u015fi urmeaz\u0103 a fi aplicate pe \u00eentregul s\u0103u teritoriu \u015fi pentru toat\u0103 popula\u0163ia. Normele dreptului interna\u0163ional dob\u00e2ndesc astfel valoare juridic\u0103 egal\u0103 cu aceea a normelor de drept intern al statelor.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n            Dreptul interna\u0163ional, \u00eendeosebi cel penal, constituie \u00eentr-o important\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103 proiec\u0163ia \u00een palnul rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale a normelor de drept din legisla\u0163ia intern\u0103 a statelor, \u00een special a celor mai elaborate \u015fi mai avansate dintr-un domeniu sau altul, care \u00eei \u00eemprumut\u0103 sub aspect conceptual \u015fi tehnic normele \u015fi principiile sale, constituind astfel unul din izvoarele principale ale form\u0103rii \u015fi dezvolt\u0103rii acestuia.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Cu titlu de exemplu, unele no\u0163iuni de drept material \u015fi procedural din dreptul intern, cum ar fi infrac\u0163iunea, tentativa, recidiva, participa\u0163iunea, cauzele care \u00eenl\u0103tur\u0103 caracterul penal al faptelor, vinov\u0103\u0163ia, r\u0103spunderea, ac\u0163iunea penal\u0103, garan\u0163iile procesuale, competen\u0163a material\u0103, teritorial\u0103 \u015fi dupa calitatea persoanei a instan\u0163elor de judecat\u0103, mijloacele de prob\u0103, asisten\u0163a judiciar\u0103, judecata \u015fi c\u0103ile de atac, executarea hot\u0103r\u00e2rilor, extr\u0103darea, etc. care constituie concepte ale dreptului intern sunt preluate \u015fi opereaz\u0103 \u015fi \u00een conven\u0163iile referitoare la colaborarea \u00een incriminarea \u015fi sanc\u0163ionarea crimelor interna\u0163ionale, precum \u015fi \u00een statutele tribunalelor interna\u0163ionale penale.<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

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\n            \u00cen dreptul intern al statelor exist\u0103, de asemenea, \u015fi o serie de reglement\u0103ri specifice care privesc rela\u0163iile statelor respective cu alte state sau organizatii interna\u0163ionale produc\u00e2nd efecte \u00een ordinea interna\u0163ional\u0103. Asemenea reglement\u0103ri, adesea cu caracter constitu\u0163ional, privesc stabilirea competen\u0163ei organelor statului cu atribu\u0163ii \u00een domeniul politicii externe, probleme privind cet\u0103\u0163enia, statutul juridic al str\u0103inilor, procedurile de \u00eencheiere \u015fi ratificare sau aderare la tratate, etc.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Problema raporturilor dintre dreptul interna\u0163ional public \u015fi dreptul intern se pune, \u00eens\u0103, \u015fi \u00een sens invers, dreptul interna\u0163ional exercit\u00e2nd o influen\u0163\u0103 substan\u0163ial\u0103 \u00een sensul unific\u0103rii unor concepte \u015fi reglement\u0103ri de drept intern. Pornindu-se de la ideea c\u0103 dreptul interna\u0163ional exprim\u0103 interesele superioare comune ale societ\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale, statelor le revine obliga\u0163ia de a-\u015fi adapta propria legisla\u0163ie la exigen\u0163ele \u015fi la regulile de drept interna\u0163ional, exist\u00e2nd astfel elemente ale unui proces de interna\u0163ionalizare a dreptului intern.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Unele tratate interna\u0163ionale cuprind prevederi exprese in temeiul c\u0103rora statele care devin p\u0103r\u0163i sunt obligate s\u0103 ia anumite m\u0103suri \u00een planul legisla\u0163iei lor interne pentru aducerea la \u00eendeplinire a obliga\u0163iilor ce le revin din aceste tratate.Asemenea domenii sunt foarte variate: drepturile omului, transporturile interna\u0163ionale pe uscat, pe mare \u015fi fluviale, traficul aerian, combaterea polu\u0103rii, terorismul \u015fi alte infrac\u0163iuni interna\u0163ionale, etc.<\/span><\/div>\n
\nC\u00e2teva exemple \u00een acest sens sunt edificatoare:<\/span><\/div>\n
\n\u2022                      -admiterea \u00een organiza\u0163iile de colaborare pe plan european a unor noi state este \u00eenso\u0163it\u0103 de asumarea de c\u0103tre acestea a obliga\u0163iilor de a-\u015fi pune de acord legisla\u0163ia intern\u0103 cu reglement\u0103rile comunitare din domeniul drepturilor omului \u015fi din alte domenii;<\/span><\/div>\n
\n\u2022                      -conven\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale referitoare la dreptul interna\u0163ional aplicabil \u00een conflictele armate cuprind obliga\u0163ia statelor semnatare de a-\u015fi \u00eencorpora in dreptul intern reglement\u0103ri \u015fi sanc\u0163iuni, inclusiv penale, pentru \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rile prevederilor acestora;<\/span><\/div>\n
\n\u2022                      -obliga\u0163ia asumat\u0103 de state prin conven\u0163iile de reprimare a unor infrac\u0163iuni interna\u0163ionale de a pune de acord legisla\u0163ia lor intern\u0103 cu reglement\u0103rile interna\u0163ionale respective( vezi conven\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale referitoare la piraterie, la genocid, la traficul de stupefiante, etc.).<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00centrep\u0103trunderile dintre  cele dou\u0103 sisteme de drept \u2013 interna\u0163ional\u015fi intern \u2013 au ridicat \u00een doctrina dreptului interna\u0163ional problema dac\u0103 \u015fi care dintre aceste sisteme are, eventual, ascenden\u0163\u0103 asupra celuilalt.Problema are \u015fi inciden\u0163e practice, cel pu\u0163in sub dou\u0103 aspecte:<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            -modalit\u0103\u0163ile concrete \u00een care se aplic\u0103 normele de drept interna\u0163ional \u00een ordinea juridic\u0103 intern\u0103;<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            -solu\u0163ia ce se va da \u00een cazul unui eventual conflict \u00eentre normele juridice interne \u015fi cele interna\u0163ionale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Asupra acestor teorii s-au conturat dou\u0103 pozi\u0163ii: dualismul \u015fi monismul.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Teoriile dualiste sus\u0163in c\u0103 dreptul interna\u0163ional \u015fi dreptul intern sunt dou\u0103 sisteme distincte, rupte \u00eentre ele , cu o existen\u0163\u0103 paralel\u0103, cu domenii diferite de aplicare, av\u00e2nd izvoare distincte \u015fi destinatari deosebi\u0163i, care nu se influen\u0163eaz\u0103 reciproc.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Potrivit acestei concep\u0163ii, normele de drept interna\u0163ional nu au valoare pentru dreptul intern, dup\u0103 cum normele de drept intern nu au valoare pentru dreptul interna\u0163ional, ele aplic\u00e2ndu-se indiferent dac\u0103 sunt sau nu \u00een concordan\u0163\u0103 unele cu altele.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Teoriile moniste sus\u0163in existen\u0163a unei singure ordini juridice, format\u0103 din dreptul intern \u015fi dreptul interna\u0163ional, dreptul av\u00e2nd astfel o structur\u0103 unitar\u0103, compus\u0103 din norme obligatorii, indiferent dac\u0103 acestea se adreseaz\u0103 indivizilor, statelor sau altor entit\u0103\u0163i asimilate acestora, aflate \u00eentr-o strict\u0103 ierarhie.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Adep\u0163ii acestor teorii se despart , \u00eens\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd se pune problema care dintre cele dou\u0103 sisteme trebuie s\u0103 prevaleze: cel intern sau cel interna\u0163ional, unii sus\u0163in\u00e2nd primatul absolut al dreptului interna\u0163ional, iar al\u0163ii primatul dreptului intern, merg\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 la negarea dreptului interna\u0163ional.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Primatul dreptului interna\u0163ional este sus\u0163inut \u00eendeosebi de \u015fcoala normativist\u0103 a lui Kelsen. Pornind de la concep\u0163iile dreptului natural aceasta sus\u0163ine existen\u0163a unei ordini universale, superioar\u0103 ordinilor juridice interne, acestea din urm\u0103 baz\u00e2ndu-se doar pe o competen\u0163\u0103 atribuit\u0103 statelor \u00een cadrul ordinii universale.Normele de drept se ordoneaz\u0103 astfel \u00eentr-o ierarhie strict\u0103, dreptul interna\u0163ional afl\u00e2ndu-se \u00een v\u00e2rful acestei piramide.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Primatul dreptului intern este sus\u0163inut \u00een general de \u015fcoala func\u0163ionalismului juridic, inspirat\u0103 din concep\u0163iile filozofice ale lui Hegel, care sus\u0163ine c\u0103 normele dreptului interna\u0163ional practic nu exist\u0103, ele fiind doar o proiectare \u00een planul rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale a unor norme de drept intern care trebuie s\u0103 asigure interesul na\u0163ional, raporturile dintre state fiint esen\u0163ialmente raporturi de for\u0163\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Nici unul dintre aceste curente de g\u00e2ndire nu exprim\u0103 adev\u0103ratele raporturi dintre dreptul intern \u015fi dreptul interna\u0163ional, exager\u00e2nd sau absolutiz\u00e2nd unul din cele dou\u0103 sisteme. In realitate, raportul dintre dreptul intern \u015fi dreptul interna\u0163ional este un raport complex, de intercondi\u0163ionare dialectic\u0103, cu unele prevalen\u0163e \u00een anumite domenii sau \u00een anumite momente istorice ale unui sistem sau ale celuilalt.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Dreptul contemporan eviden\u0163iaz\u0103 , \u00eens\u0103, cre\u015fterea rolului dreptului interna\u0163ional ca o expresie a multiplic\u0103rii rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale \u015fi a apari\u0163iei \u00een prim planul preocup\u0103rilor umanit\u0103\u0163ii a unor probleme globale la a c\u0103ror solu\u0163ionare se impune un efort tot mai concertat al tuturor statelor \u015fi popoarelor.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00centre dreptul interna\u0163ional \u015fi dreptul intern exist\u0103 deosebiri substan\u0163iale, dreptul interna\u0163ional, de\u015fi str\u00e2ns legat de dreptul intern al statelor , prezint\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de acesta o serie de particularit\u0103\u0163i importante.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Principalele aspecte care contureaz\u0103 deosebirile dintre dreptul interna\u0163ional public \u015fi dreptul intern al statelor se refer\u0103 la: obiectul de reglementare al dreptului interna\u0163ional, la modul de elaborare a normelor sale, la subiectele acestui drept \u015fi la sistemul de aplicare \u015fi sanc\u0163ionare a normelor sale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Obiectul de reglementare al dreptului interna\u0163ional \u00eel formeaz\u0103 rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale care apar \u00een procesul coexisten\u0163ei, al conlucr\u0103rii \u015fi cooper\u0103rii dintre state \u00een vederea realiz\u0103rii unor scopuri comune.Dreptul intern are drept obiect de preocupare rela\u0163iile sociale ce se stabilesc \u00een interiorul grani\u0163elor unui stat \u00eentre persoanele fizice, cet\u0103\u0163eni ai statului respectiv sau ai altor state, \u015fi persoanele juridice \u00eenregistrate \u00een statutul respectiv \u015fi vizeaz\u0103 asigurarea ordinii constitu\u0163ionale, func\u0163ionarea organismelor \u015fi institu\u0163iilor statului respectiv, garantarea drepturilor \u015fi libert\u0103\u0163ilor cet\u0103\u0163ene\u015fti.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Elaborarea normelor dreptului interna\u0163ional.\u00cen dreptul intern edictarea normelor juridice, a legilor \u015fi a altor acte normative se face de c\u0103tre organisme ce dispun de autoritate de stat \u015fi de atribu\u0163ii strcte \u00een domeniul legislativ.\u00cen orice sistem constitu\u0163ional puterea legislativ\u0103 se realizeaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de c\u0103tre parlament.Legile edictate de acesta sunt obligatorii pe tot teritoriul statului \u015fi pentru toate subiactele de drept cuprinse \u00een ordinea juridic\u0103, intern\u0103 a acelui stat.Normele de drept intern apar astfel ca fiind emana\u0163ia unei autorit\u0103\u0163i politice centrale \u015fi ierarhic superioare destinatarilor lor.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Spre deosebire de sistemul dreptului intern, pentru elaborarea normelor de drept interna\u0163ional public nu exist\u0103 organe sau organisme superioare statelor care s\u0103 aib\u0103 func\u0163ii de legiferare.Normele  de drept interna\u0163ional sunt create de c\u0103tre state, de regul\u0103 \u00een cadrul unui proces de negociere, ce se duce \u00een cadrul multilateral al unor conferin\u0163e interna\u0163ionale sau \u00een cadrul bilateral, \u015fi tot ele sunt \u015fi destinatarele acestor norme. Dreptul interna\u0163ional apare, de aceea, ca av\u00e2nd un caracter de coordonare \u00eentre state suverane, iar dreptul intern este considerat un drept de subordonare, \u00een care statul se manifest\u0103 ca autoritate politic\u0103 suprem\u0103 ce prescrie o anumit\u0103 conduit\u0103 persoanelor ce-i sunt subordonate.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Subiectele dreptului interna\u0163ional sunt \u00een primul r\u00e2nd statele suverane \u015fi egale \u00een drepturi, dar \u015fi organiza\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale \u015fi mi\u015fc\u0103rile de eliberare na\u0163ional\u0103 recunoscute de state.Acestea  sunt entit\u0103\u0163ile care \u00ee\u015fi asum\u0103 drepturi \u015fi obliga\u0163ii \u00een plan interna\u0163ional \u015fi care trebuie s\u0103-\u015fi regleze \u00eentreaga conduit\u0103 \u00een raport cu normele edictate sau acceptate de ele \u00eensele.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen dreptul intern subiectele raportului interna\u0163ional, deci entit\u0103\u0163ile c\u0103rora le sunt adresate normele juridice, sunt persoanele fizice \u015fi persoanele juridice.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Aplicarea \u015fi sanc\u0163ionarea normelor constituie un alt domeniu \u00een care normele de drept interna\u0163ional se deosebesc de cele de drept intern.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen ordinea juridic\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103 nu exist\u0103, \u00een general, autorit\u0103\u0163i ale administra\u0163iei publice (guvern, ministere etc.) care s\u0103 aplice normele de drept \u015fi s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 executarea lor a\u015fa cum exist\u0103 \u00een cadrul statelor.De regul\u0103, aplicarea normelor de drept interna\u0163ional se face de c\u0103tre organele specializate ale statelor , statele fiind obligate de dreptul interna\u0163ional, cu caracter de principiu, s\u0103 respecte tratatele interna\u0163ionale \u015fi celelalte norme ale rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale ( pacta sunt servanda).<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen anumite domenii, \u00eens\u0103, prin unele tratate  pot  fi atribuite organelor unor organiza\u0163ii interna\u0163ionale sau altor structuri special constituite unele competen\u0163e de urm\u0103rire a aplic\u0103rii respectivelor tratate, dar oricare dintre aceste organe sau structuri, prin func\u0163iunile \u015fi modul lor de alc\u0103tuire, nu pot fi asimilate organelor interne ale statelor, ele nedispun\u00e2nd de autoritatea administrativ\u0103 a acestora.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            \u00cen dreptul interna\u0163ional nu exist\u0103, de asemenea, un sistem structural de instan\u0163e judec\u0103tore\u015fti \u2013 autoritatea sau puterea judec\u0103toreasc\u0103 \u2013 cu competen\u0163\u0103 general\u0103 \u015fi obligatorie care s\u0103 aplice sanc\u0163iuni atunci c\u00e2nd normele juridice sunt \u00eenc\u0103lcate.\u00cen general , organismele jurisdic\u0163ionale interna\u0163ionale au o competen\u0163\u0103 redus\u0103 la anumite categorii de procese sau de \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103ri ale dreptului interna\u0163ional, iar competen\u0163a lor este de regul\u0103 facultativ\u0103, procedura \u00een fa\u0163a lor derul\u00e2ndu-se numai cu acordul expres al fiec\u0103ruia din statele implicate.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            De\u015fi sistemele de asigurare a aplic\u0103rii dreptului interna\u0163ional nu sunt tot at\u00e2t de bine structurate \u015fi ierarhizate ca \u00een dreptul intern, nu se poate afirma c\u0103 normele dreptului interna\u0163ional nu se aplic\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            Realizarea \u00een planul rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale a prevederilor tratatelor \u015fi a celorlalte norme ale rela\u0163iilor juridice dintre state se asigur\u0103 \u00een primulo r\u00e2nd prin garan\u0163ia statelor \u00eense\u015fi care le-au edictat sau care le-au acceptat \u015fi care s-au angajat s\u0103 le respecte \u015fi s\u0103 le pun\u0103 \u00een aplicare.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            C\u00e2t prive\u015fte faptul c\u0103 o mare parte a normelor de drept interna\u0163ional nu prev\u0103d \u015fi sanc\u0163iuni, aceasta nu este specific numai normelor dreptului interna\u0163ional, ci \u015fi unor ramuni de drept intern, cum ar fi dreptul constitu\u0163ional, sanc\u0163iunea nefiind un element esen\u0163ial pentru existen\u0163a \u015fi aplicarea dreptului.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n            De altfel, dup\u0103 cum se va vedea, dreptul interna\u0163ional nu este lipsit nici de sanc\u0163iuni a c\u0103ror palet\u0103 este destul de diversificat\u0103, de natur\u0103 politic\u0103, juridic\u0103 civil\u0103 sau penal\u0103 sau de natur\u0103 moral\u0103, implic\u00e2nd , \u00een caz extrem, \u015fi folosirea for\u0163ei armate \u00eempotriva acelor state care lezeaz\u0103 \u00een mod grav principiile \u015fi normele de drept interna\u0163ional a c\u0103ror aplicare este esen\u0163ial\u0103 pentru existan\u0163a \u00eens\u0103\u015fi a statelor, pentru suveranitatea \u015fi independen\u0163a lor.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Raportul dintre dreptul interna\u0163ional public \u015fi dreptul intern constituie una dintre problemele de baz\u0103 ale filozofiei juridice, av\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 \u015fi o deosebit\u0103 importan\u0163\u0103 practic\u0103. Dreptul international public \u015fi dreptul intern al statelor sunt dou\u0103 sisteme de norme \u015fi dou\u0103 tipuri de drept distincte, cu obiect de reglementare, izvoare \u015fi metode diferite. De\u015fi diferite, \u00eens\u0103, cele […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nDreptul Interna\u0163ional \u015fi Dreptul Intern. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/15\/dreptul-international-si-dreptul-intern-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dreptul Interna\u0163ional \u015fi Dreptul Intern. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Raportul dintre dreptul interna\u0163ional public \u015fi dreptul intern constituie una dintre problemele de baz\u0103 ale filozofiei juridice, av\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 \u015fi o deosebit\u0103 importan\u0163\u0103 practic\u0103. Dreptul international public \u015fi dreptul intern al statelor sunt dou\u0103 sisteme de norme \u015fi dou\u0103 tipuri de drept distincte, cu obiect de reglementare, izvoare \u015fi metode diferite. 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