{"id":28151,"date":"2011-02-24T11:08:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-24T11:08:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:49:39","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:49:39","slug":"hans-morgenthau-si-paradigma-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/24\/hans-morgenthau-si-paradigma-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Hans Morgenthau \u015fi paradigma realismului politic."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;\">\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Hans  Morgenthau s-a impus \u00een teoria rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale prin lucrarea  \u201cPolitics Among Nations\u201d, \u00eentr-un moment foarte important pentru  evolu\u0163ia politic\u0103 a S.U.A.11. Ie\u015find victorioase dup\u0103 cel de-al doilea  r\u0103zboi mondial S.U.A. avea nevoie de o justificare teoretic\u0103 \u00een politica  extern\u0103, mai ales c\u0103 statutul s\u0103u de superputere \u00eei crease o serie de  responsabilit\u0103\u0163i mondiale. Faptul c\u0103 S.U.A. reprezenta statul cel mai  puternic, dar \u015fi cel mai pu\u0163in experimentat \u00een domeniul rela\u0163iilor  interna\u0163ionale, H.Morgenthau a considerat oportun s\u0103 fie stabilite un  set de norme \u015fi principii care s\u0103 orienteze politica extern\u0103 american\u0103.  Principalul mesaj al c\u0103r\u0163ii lui H.Morgenthau este conceptul de politic\u0103 a  puterii. \u00centreaga sa argumentare porne\u015fte de la cadrul obiectiv,  op\u0163iunile posibile \u015fi \u00een\u0163elesurile cele mai semnificative ale  conceptului, care trebuie s\u0103 fie materializate \u00eentr-o putere  echilibrat\u0103. \u00cen g\u00e2ndirea sa H.Morgenthau pleac\u0103 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blogger.g?blogID=4202955034125599721\" name=\"more\"><\/a>de la  o perspectiv\u0103 psihologic\u0103 universal\u0103. El aduce \u00een aten\u0163ie cele trei  impulsuri de baz\u0103 ale omului: impulsul de a tr\u0103i, de reproducere \u015fi de a  domina. Gra\u0163ie ultimului dintre ele, omenirea a fost angajat\u0103 \u00eentr-o  permanent\u0103 lupt\u0103 pentru putere, aceasta constituind esen\u0163a politicii \u015fi a  r\u0103zboiului12.<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;\">\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Totu\u015fi  Morgenthau \u00een analiza rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale porne\u015fte nu de la  indivizi, ci de la state, ca principali actori ai disciplinei rela\u0163iilor  interna\u0163ionale. \u00cen prima parte a cercet\u0103rilor sale, el admite ideea c\u0103  \u00eentr-un anumit mediu aristocratic termenul utilizat mai frecvent este  acela de elit\u0103 politic\u0103. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce societatea uman\u0103 a evoluat au  ap\u0103rut noi concepte, cum ar fi na\u0163iunea \u015fi statul na\u0163ional, fenomenul  na\u0163ionalismului fiind cel care a f\u0103cut leg\u0103tura dintre individ \u015fi statul  ca actor unitar.<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;\">\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Statul  na\u0163ional controleaz\u0103 lupta pentru putere \u00eens\u0103, deoarece ea nu poate fi  pe deplin eradicat\u0103 este orientat\u0103 spre exterior: \u201cNereu\u015find s\u0103-\u015fi  satisfac\u0103 pe deplin dorin\u0163a de putere \u00een interiorul grani\u0163elor  na\u0163ionale, oamenii \u00ee\u015fi transfer\u0103 aspira\u0163iile ne\u00eendeplinite pe scena  interna\u0163ional\u0103\u201d13. Lipsa unei autorit\u0103\u0163i centrale fa\u0163\u0103 de care statele,  ca entit\u0103\u0163i distincte, s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103, este un domeniu specific disciplinei  rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale. Faptul c\u0103 principalii actori ai vie\u0163ii  interna\u0163ionale, statele ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00eentr-un mediu anarhic, este un  indiciu sigur de a demarca politica interna\u0163ional\u0103 de cea intern\u0103 \u015fi  reprezint\u0103 totodat\u0103 o premis\u0103 important\u0103 \u00een a stabili grani\u0163ele  paradigmatice ale disciplinei. Prezent\u00e2nd leg\u0103tura dintre natura uman\u0103  \u015fi nivelul statului, H.Morgenthau explic\u0103 cum r\u0103zboaiele totale din  secolul al XX-lea au fost posibile. Apari\u0163ia societ\u0103\u0163ilor de mas\u0103, care  se prezint\u0103 pe o legitimitate politic\u0103 reprezentativ\u0103, au permis o  exaltare \u015fi o exacerbare a na\u0163ionalismului c\u0103tre formele sale cele mai  aberante. Faptul c\u0103, Germania a fost exclus\u0103 dup\u0103 primul r\u0103zboi mondial  din concertul european \u015fi supus\u0103 unor condi\u0163ii restrictive deosebite, a  generat f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 \u00een societatea german\u0103 sentimente de insatisfac\u0163ii  care, abil exploatate, au determinat o serie de aspira\u0163ii na\u0163ionale,  devenite legitime s\u0103 fie proiectate \u00een exterior. Preciz\u00e2nd faptul c\u0103  balan\u0163a puterii nu este problem\u0103 de op\u0163iune politic\u0103 ci ceva natural,  Morgenthau surprinde mai multe paliere ale balan\u0163ei puterii: statele  tampon, statele protectoare \u015fi state de interes, respectiv acele state  pentru care marile puteri intr\u0103 \u00een competi\u0163ie \u015fi le doresc \u00een sfera lor  de influen\u0163\u0103. \u00cen analiza pe care o face balan\u0163ei puterii, Morgenthau ia  \u00een calcul o serie de elemente care viciaz\u0103 conceptul de putere, cum ar  fi: puterea nu este absolut\u0103, ea fiind mereu \u00een corela\u0163ie cu alte  puteri; nu este nici permanent\u0103, deoarece bazale puterii sunt \u00eentr-o  continu\u0103 schimbare \u015fi nu este rezultat\u0103 dintr-un singur factor, cum ar  fi de exemplu for\u0163e militar\u010314. Din aceast\u0103 complex\u0103 abordare rezult\u0103 c\u0103  balan\u0163a puterii nu \u00eentotdeauna poate conserva pacea, dimpotriv\u0103 \u00een  unele situa\u0163ii este cea care a provocat r\u0103zboiul. \u00cen continuare,  Morgenthau sus\u0163ine c\u0103 balan\u0163a puterii nu este mecanic\u0103, ea rezult\u0103  dintr-o serie de elemente, de natur\u0103 intelectual\u0103 \u015fi moral\u0103: \u201cPentru  lipsa de vigoare \u015fi indecizia disputelor politice, din 1648 p\u00e2n\u0103 la  r\u0103zboaiele napoleoniene \u015fi apoi din 1815 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1914, balan\u0163a puterii  nu au fost at\u00e2t o cauz\u0103, c\u00e2t o expresie metaforic\u0103 \u015f simbolic\u0103 sau, \u00een  cel mai bun caz, o tehnic\u0103 de realizare. \u00cenainte ca balan\u0163a puterii  s\u0103-\u015fi poate impune constr\u00e2ngerile asupra aspira\u0163iilor spre putere ale  na\u0163iunilor, prin interac\u0163iunea mecanic\u0103 dintre for\u0163ele opuse, na\u0163iunile  aflate \u00een concuren\u0163\u0103 trebuiau mai \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 se ob\u0163in\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 accepte  sistemul balan\u0163ei puterii ca un cadru comun al str\u0103daniilor lor\u2026.Acolo  unde un astfel de consens nu mai exist\u0103 sau a devenit prea slab \u015fi  nesigur, a\u015fa cum s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een perioada dintre \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irea Poloniei \u015fi  r\u0103zboaielor napoleoniene, balan\u0163a puterii este incapabil\u0103 s\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi  \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 func\u0163ia sa de a asigura stabilitatea interna\u0163ional\u0103 \u015fi  independen\u0163a na\u0163ional\u0103\u201d15. <\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;\">\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00cen  concep\u0163ia lui Morgenthau orice sistem interna\u0163ional ordonat trebuie s\u0103  aib\u0103 la baz\u0103 mecanisme normative. \u00cen acest sens el a identificat trei  mecanisme diferite: etica, opinia public\u0103 mondial\u0103 \u015fi dreptul  interna\u0163ional. Dac\u0103 acestea nu vor func\u0163iona, for\u0163ele na\u0163ionale vor ie\u015fi  din matca lor \u015fi vor determina conflictele. Tr\u0103ind \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 a  na\u0163ionalismului universalist, \u015fansa ca balan\u0163a puterii s\u0103 ac\u0163ioneze,  limit\u00e2nd r\u0103zboiul, este neap\u0103rat legat\u0103 de mecanismele normative, care  trebuie s\u0103 se substituie normelor morale aristocratice aflate \u00een declin.  Dar despre rolul lui Morgenthou \u00een dezvoltarea realismului cel mai bine  s-a exprimat Kenneth Waltz: \u201cMorgenthau a dat, nu de pu\u0163ine ori, dovad\u0103  de o subtilitate \u015fi un spirit de discern\u0103m\u00e2nt remarcabile \u00een  comentariile sale politice. El a analizat cu o deosebit\u0103 competen\u0163\u0103  implica\u0163iile anarhiei interna\u0163ionale \u015fi a f\u0103cut distinc\u0163ia \u00eentre  ac\u0163iunile ce pot fi \u00eentreprinse pe plan intern \u015fi cele posibile pe plan  extern, \u00eens\u0103 nu este numai vina criticilor lui c\u0103 le-a venit destul de  greu s\u0103 \u00een\u0163eleag\u0103 rela\u0163ia pe care a stabilit-o \u00eentre viziunea la asupra  omului \u015fi teoriile sale politice\u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hans Morgenthau s-a impus \u00een teoria rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale prin lucrarea \u201cPolitics Among Nations\u201d, \u00eentr-un moment foarte important pentru evolu\u0163ia politic\u0103 a S.U.A.11. Ie\u015find victorioase dup\u0103 cel de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial S.U.A. avea nevoie de o justificare teoretic\u0103 \u00een politica extern\u0103, mai ales c\u0103 statutul s\u0103u de superputere \u00eei crease o serie de responsabilit\u0103\u0163i mondiale. Faptul [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Hans Morgenthau \u015fi paradigma realismului politic. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/24\/hans-morgenthau-si-paradigma-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hans Morgenthau \u015fi paradigma realismului politic. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hans Morgenthau s-a impus \u00een teoria rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale prin lucrarea \u201cPolitics Among Nations\u201d, \u00eentr-un moment foarte important pentru evolu\u0163ia politic\u0103 a S.U.A.11. Ie\u015find victorioase dup\u0103 cel de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial S.U.A. avea nevoie de o justificare teoretic\u0103 \u00een politica extern\u0103, mai ales c\u0103 statutul s\u0103u de superputere \u00eei crease o serie de responsabilit\u0103\u0163i mondiale. 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