{"id":28147,"date":"2011-02-24T11:09:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-24T11:09:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:49:39","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:49:39","slug":"edward-h-carr-si-critica-realista-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/24\/edward-h-carr-si-critica-realista-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Edward H. Carr \u015fi critica realist\u0103 a idealismului."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;\">\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Sesiz\u00e2nd  limitele idealismului, E.H.Carr \u00een lucrarea sa de referin\u0163\u0103 \u201cThe Twenty  Years Crisis\u201d, a criticat vehement aerul utopic ce se degaj\u0103 \u00een jurul  teoriei idealiste, fiind considerat puntea de leg\u0103tur\u0103 c\u0103tre realismul  fundamentat teoretic, de c\u0103tre un alt mare reprezentant al acesteia  teorii Hans Morgenthau. De\u015fi, \u00een prima edi\u0163ie a c\u0103r\u0163ii, ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een 1939,  Carr nu a fost suficient de categoric \u00een a condamna politica  conciliatorist\u0103 a Marii Britanii, iar \u00een edi\u0163ia a doua, care a fost  publicat\u0103 \u00een 1946 nu a reu\u015fit s\u0103 acrediteze realismul ca o nou\u0103 teorie,  lucrarea, cu toate elementele sale contradictorii a stat la baza primei  mari dezbateri \u015fi celor care au urmat \u00een domeniul rela\u0163iilor  interna\u0163ionale. Contest\u00e2nd existen\u0163a unei armonii universale, Carr a  relevat trei neajunsuri majore ale idealismului: motiva\u0163ia este  apreciat\u0103 ca fiind prioritar\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de interese, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blogger.g?blogID=4202955034125599721\" name=\"more\"><\/a>etica  fa\u0163\u0103 de politic\u0103 \u015fi teoria fa\u0163\u0103 de practic\u0103 . Una din principalele idei  promovate de Carr este c\u0103 politica nu poate fi analizat\u0103 pe baza unui  program anterior, ci numai pe baza rezultatelor ei actuale, prin urmare  realismul \u00eenseamn\u0103 cercetarea consecin\u0163elor \u015fi apoi construie\u015fte  argumentele teoriei. De aici rezult\u0103 \u015fi opinia lui Carr, c\u0103 \u00een analiza  \u015fi ac\u0163iunea politic\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 se plece de la este lumea \u015fi nu de la ar  trebui s\u0103 fie, a\u015fa cum se \u00eencerca s\u0103 fie proiectat\u0103 de ideali\u015fti. Din  moment ce valorile sunt derivate din putere, iar etica din politic\u0103,  \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 armonia intereselor nu este altceva dec\u00e2t o reprezentare a  configura\u0163iei puterii, care \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u0163\u0103 face ca propriile  interese ale grupului dominant s\u0103 fie extrapolate la nivelul \u00eentregii  comunit\u0103\u0163i: \u201cOdat\u0103 ce capitalismul industrial \u015fi sistemul claselor a  devenit structura consacrat\u0103 a societ\u0103\u0163ii, doctrina armoniei intereselor  a c\u0103p\u0103tat o nou\u0103 semnifica\u0163ie \u015fi a devenit ideologia grupului dominant,  preocupat s\u0103-\u015fi men\u0163in\u0103 domina\u0163ia prin postularea identit\u0103\u0163ii  intereselor sale cu cele ale comunit\u0103\u0163ii ca \u00eentreg \u2026 Nici o \u0163ar\u0103, \u00een  afar\u0103 de Marea Britanie nu are suficient de puternic\u0103, din punct de  vedere comercial, pentru a crede \u00een armonie interna\u0163ional\u0103 a intereselor  economice\u201d. Altfel spus, de\u015fi aparent interesele generale reprezint\u0103  toate grupurile inclusiv pe cele mai pu\u0163in puternice, \u00een realitate  puterea apar\u0163ine celor privilegia\u0163i, de a c\u0103ror interese se leag\u0103  \u00eentreaga comunitate. Aplicarea principiului armoniei intereselor la  nivelul rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u00een viziunea lui Carr: \u201ca  ajuta politicienii \u015fi g\u00e2nditorii politici de pretutindeni s\u0103 se  eschiveze \u00een fa\u0163a nepl\u0103cutului fapt al unei divergen\u0163e fundamentale  \u00eentre na\u0163iunile care doresc s\u0103 men\u0163in\u0103 status quo-ul \u015fi cele care doresc  s\u0103-l schimbe\u201d. Faptul c\u0103 marile puteri \u00eenving\u0103toare \u00een prima mare  conflagra\u0163ie mondial\u0103 vedeau \u00een orice schimbare, indiferent de  circumstan\u0163ele \u00een care avea loc o amenin\u0163are la adresa p\u0103cii, a fost  intens criticat\u0103 de Carr. Acest fapt a determinat ca politica promovat\u0103  pe plan interna\u0163ional conform principiului securit\u0103\u0163ii colective s\u0103 nu  admit\u0103 existen\u0163a st\u0103rii conflictuale \u00eentre \u0163\u0103ri, situa\u0163ie ce a scos \u00een  eviden\u0163\u0103 lipsa de consisten\u0163\u0103 \u015fi valabilitate a conceptului. Sus\u0163in\u00e2nd  teoria materialist\u0103 a ideologiilor, Carr, afirm\u0103 c\u0103 toate legile,  principiile \u015fi ideologiile sunt determinate de condi\u0163iile sociale, iar  \u201ctoate ideologiile interna\u0163ionaliste sunt simple ra\u0163ionaliz\u0103ri operate  de puterile dominate, cu scopul de a-\u015fi proteja pozi\u0163ia privilegiat\u0103\u201d.  Analiz\u00e2nd politica Germaniei naziste, Carr, apreciaz\u0103 c\u0103 dorin\u0163a  acesteia de a schimba ordinea interna\u0163ional\u0103 este un obiectiv pe care  orice stat aflat \u00een situa\u0163ia Germaniei ar fi f\u0103cut-o. \u201cDac\u0103 ar fi  devenit puterea suprem\u0103 a Europei, Germania ar fi adoptat slogane  interna\u0163ionale \u015fi ar fi instituit o organiza\u0163ie interna\u0163ional\u0103 care s\u0103-i  conserve puterea\u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\">\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00cen  acest caz ideologia interna\u0163ionalist\u0103, av\u00e2nd puternice accente rasiste  nu ar fi captat o legitimare interna\u0163ional\u0103 datorit\u0103 caracterului sau  limitat. Pe de alt\u0103 parte faptul c\u0103, Germania includea o anumit\u0103 parte a  Europei \u00een planurile sale geopolitice genera o contradic\u0163ie \u00eentre  ideologia pe care o promova \u015fi armonia intereselor, aspect sesizat \u015fi de  Carr. Accept\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103 ini\u0163iativele Germaniei, care erau privite ca  transform\u0103ri pa\u015fnice, preventive, derivate din statutul s\u0103u de mare  putere \u00een formare, Carr, alunec\u0103 spre admiterea politicii de conciliere  al c\u0103rei obiectiv final, constatarea status quo-ului, nu era greu de  anticipat. Despre realism, Carr noteaz\u0103: \u201cRealismul \u00eensu\u015fi, dac\u0103 \u00eel  atacam cu propriile lui arme, devine \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, \u00een practic\u0103, la fel de  condi\u0163ionat ca \u015fi orice mod de g\u00e2ndire. \u00cen politic\u0103, convingerea c\u0103  anumite fapte sunt inalterabile sau c\u0103 anumite tendin\u0163e sunt  irezistibile reflect\u0103 de obicei o lips\u0103 a dorin\u0163ei sau a interesului de a  le schimba sau de a le rezista. Imposibilitatea de a fi consecvent \u015fi  total realist este una dintre cele mai sigure \u015fi mai curioase lec\u0163ii ale  \u015ftiin\u0163ei politice\u201d. Promov\u00e2nd un realism sceptic, care nu se bazeaz\u0103 pe  determinismul politic, Carr \u00ee\u015fi construie\u015fte \u00eentreaga oper\u0103 pe critica  consecvent realist\u0103 a idealismului, subliniind c\u0103 trecerea de la  idealism la realism \u015fi invers se realizeaz\u0103 printr-o mi\u015fcare dialectic\u0103.  De asemenea pun\u00e2nd semnul de egalitate \u00eentre contextul intern  revolu\u0163ionar \u015fi comunitatea interna\u0163ional\u0103, precum \u015fi prezentarea  concilierii dintre clasele sociale drept model pentru armonizarea  intereselor statelor pe plan interna\u0163ional, atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eentre acestea  apar conflicte, Carr face categoric concesii idealismului.<\/span><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\">\n@import url(http:\/\/www.google.com\/cse\/api\/branding.css);\n<\/style>\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"cse-branding-right\" style=\"background-color: black; color: white;\">\n<div class=\"cse-branding-form\">\n<form action=\"http:\/\/optdolari.blogspot.com\/\" id=\"cse-search-box\">\n<div>\n<input name=\"cx\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"partner-pub-6136396095116265:si6r75iv0d0\" \/>        <input name=\"cof\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"FORID:10\" \/>        <input name=\"ie\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"ISO-8859-2\" \/>        <input name=\"q\" size=\"50\" type=\"text\" \/>        <input name=\"sa\" type=\"submit\" value=\"C\u0103utare\" \/>      <\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cse-branding-logo\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Google\" src=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/images\/poweredby_transparent\/poweredby_000000.gif\" \/>  <\/div>\n<div class=\"cse-branding-text\">\nc\u0103utare personalizat\u0103  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sesiz\u00e2nd limitele idealismului, E.H.Carr \u00een lucrarea sa de referin\u0163\u0103 \u201cThe Twenty Years Crisis\u201d, a criticat vehement aerul utopic ce se degaj\u0103 \u00een jurul teoriei idealiste, fiind considerat puntea de leg\u0103tur\u0103 c\u0103tre realismul fundamentat teoretic, de c\u0103tre un alt mare reprezentant al acesteia teorii Hans Morgenthau. De\u015fi, \u00een prima edi\u0163ie a c\u0103r\u0163ii, ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een 1939, Carr [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Edward H. 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