{"id":27945,"date":"2011-02-24T14:42:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-24T14:42:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:48:48","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:48:48","slug":"structura-textului-jurnalistic-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/24\/structura-textului-jurnalistic-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Structura textului jurnalistic."},"content":{"rendered":"
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\nStructura textului jurnalistic const\u0103 \u00een construc\u0163ia acestuia, realizat\u0103 prin unitatea con\u0163inutului<\/i> \u015fi a formei<\/i>. Ea presupune integrarea (asamblarea) elementelor constitutive \u00eentr-un tot \u00eenchegat, unitar, coerent, \u00een\u0163eles ca sistem al rela\u0163iilor dintre p\u0103r\u0163i. \u201eForma\u201d unui text jurnalistic se edific\u0103 printr-un act de compozi\u0163ie \u015fi limbaj, adic\u0103 prin asamblarea unei realit\u0103\u0163i textuale de tip special. Este firesc, deci, s\u0103 ne intereseze modul de organizare intern\u0103 a textului (propozi\u0163ie \u2013 secven\u0163\u0103 \u2013 text), procedeele compozi\u0163ionale \u015fi figurile de stil etc. (Nota bene<\/i><\/b>: Propozi\u0163ia este enun\u0163ul narativ cel mai simplu. Secven\u0163a este alc\u0103tuit\u0103 dintr-o succesiune de propozi\u0163ii).<\/a> <\/span><\/div>\n

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\nCompozi\u0163ie<\/span><\/b> \u00eenseamn\u0103 identificarea \u015fi asamblarea unor structuri textuale diverse \u00eentr-un tot cu finalitate unic\u0103, potrivit unui sistem de reguli prestabilite. Dar, \u00een acela\u015fi timp, nu trebuie neglijate nivelurile configurative ale textului jurnalistic care vizeaz\u0103 \u201econ\u0163inutul\u201d (materialul evenimen\u0163ial, tema sau problema, ideea), precum \u015fi unele elemente constitutive care se refer\u0103, \u00een egal\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103, la fond \u015fi expresivitate (subiect<\/b>, motiv<\/b> \u015fi laitmotiv<\/b>).<\/span><\/div>\n

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\nS-au f\u0103cut foarte multe specula\u0163ii \u00een jurul conceptului de tem\u0103<\/b>. Mai ales, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een <\/span>\u201989<\/span>, c\u00e2nd jurnalismul nostru a fost supus metodic unui sistem de dogmatizare prin discriminare tematic\u0103 \u2013 decretarea unor teme tabu <\/i>\u015fi privilegierea<\/i> altora: mitologia \u201eomului nou\u201d, patriotismul sovietic, subiectele de produc\u0163ie, mai cu seam\u0103 a celor de sorginte triumfalist\u0103 etc. Evident, op\u0163iunea tematic\u0103 este important\u0103 pentru jurnali\u015fti. C\u00e2nd, \u00eens\u0103, o anume problematic\u0103 nu-\u015fi dob\u00e2nde\u015fte echivalentul expresiv, ea e\u015fueaz\u0103 \u00eentr-un produs mediatic submediocru. Multe teme de ad\u00e2nc\u0103 gravitate uman\u0103 au fost compromise, deoarece unii care le-au abordat n-au beneficiat de suficient har creator, iar al\u0163ii s-au dovedit a fi ni\u015fte conjuncturi\u015fti. Dar care este distinc\u0163ia dintre tema<\/b> \u015fi subiectul<\/b> mesajului jurnalistic? \u00cen majoritatea lucr\u0103rilor de poetic\u0103 modern\u0103 tema este considerat\u0103 un element al materialului jurnalistic, pe c\u00e2nd subiectul \u0163ine de nivelul configurativ al textului publicistic, de modelarea particular\u0103 pe care o prime\u015fte o anumit\u0103 tem\u0103. Raportul dintre subiect \u015fi tem\u0103 este admirabil definit de istoricul de art\u0103 Andrei Cornea: \u201eUn om \u00ee\u015fi cl\u0103de\u015fte o cas\u0103 \u2013 iat\u0103 subiectul activit\u0103\u0163ii sale din acel moment. Dar pentru a \u00een\u0163elege bine ce vrea omul \u00een cauz\u0103, subiectul nu dezv\u0103luie prea multe \u015fi trebuie recurs la tem\u0103. Aceasta d\u0103 lucrurilor relief. Iar \u00een cazul de fa\u0163\u0103, ea ar putea fi identificat\u0103, s\u0103<\/i> spunem, cu dorin\u0163a omului de a avea un spa\u0163iu al s\u0103u, familiar, confortabil. Subiectul, prin urmare: a cl\u0103di o cas\u0103<\/b>. Tema: a fi acas\u0103<\/b><\/i> \u201d. Iar pe reversul paginii cu pricina sunt emise o serie de g\u00e2nduri care, practic, epuizeaz\u0103 problema: \u201eSubiectul \u00eel putem reg\u0103si, a\u015fadar, \u00een imediat, \u00een concret, \u00een vizibil. Lui \u00eei este pe plac precizia \u015fi poate fi de \u00eendat\u0103 circumscris, planificat, \u00eendosariat sau clasat. Tema e, de obicei, relativ ascuns\u0103, invizibil\u0103. Nu po\u0163i ajunge la ea dec\u00e2t printr-o imersiune riscant\u0103 \u015fi mai ales nesigur\u0103. (…) Un subiect \u00eel alegi, \u00eel supui; tema te alege ea, i te supui. Subiectul seam\u0103n\u0103 cu con\u0163inutul unui cadou; tema cu bucuria pe care el o treze\u015fte. Prin subiect ajungem doar la ceea ce altul face; prin tem\u0103 \u2013 \u015fi la ceea ce el viseaz\u0103<\/i> \u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n

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\nDac\u0103 tema ne furnizeaz\u0103 un prim imbold \u00een realizarea mesajului jurnalistic, apoi ideea<\/b> constituie axul director \u00een jurul c\u0103ruia se structureaz\u0103 demersul publicistic, adic\u0103 se edific\u0103 forma. Ideea unui text jurnalistic nu se reg\u0103se\u015fte \u00een anumite fraze mai valoroase, ci este validat\u0103 de \u00eentreaga construc\u0163ie textual\u0103. Este gr\u0103itoare, \u00een acest sens, aser\u0163iunea semioticianului Iuri Lotman<\/b> care vizeaz\u0103, ce-i drept, textul literar, dar care poate fi extrapolat\u0103 la discursul jurnalistic: \u201eCercet\u0103torul care (…) caut\u0103 ideea \u00een unele citate izolate se afl\u0103 \u00een postura omului care, \u015ftiind c\u0103 o cas\u0103 are<\/i> un plan, ar \u00eencerca s\u0103 demoleze pere\u0163ii pentru a g\u0103si locul unde este zidit proiectul. Planul nu este zidit \u00een pere\u0163i, el este realizat \u00een propor\u0163iile cl\u0103dirii. Planul este ideea arhitectului, iar structura cl\u0103dirii constituie materializarea acesteia<\/i>\u201d<\/i>.<\/span>Aspectul formal al unui text jurnalistic influen\u0163eaz\u0103 structura textului. \u00cen acest sens, van Dijk consider\u0103 c\u0103 elementele constitutive ale textului jurnalistic: titlul<\/i>, \u015fapoul<\/i> sau paragraful ini\u0163ial<\/i>, faptele<\/i>, consecin\u0163ele<\/i>, \u201efundalul\u201d<\/i> (engl. background<\/i>), reac\u0163iile verbale ale protagoni\u015ftilor<\/i> reprezint\u0103 macrostructuri<\/i> specifice textului jurnalistic (1988). Schema textual\u0103 propus\u0103 de van Dijk este util\u0103 cercet\u0103rii, deoarece ea permite descrierea textelor cunoscute\/acceptate ca texte jurnalistice. Autorul identific\u0103 elemente structurale care apar\u0163in f\u0103r\u0103 nici un dubiu construc\u0163iei textelor jurnalistice, cum ar fi: titlul<\/i>, \u015fapoul <\/i>sau paragraful ini\u0163ial<\/i> (lead<\/i>). Celelalte elemente prezentate de van Dijk, faptele, consecin\u0163ele, fundalul (contextul), reac\u0163iile verbale, nu sunt specifice numai construc\u0163iei textelor jurnalistice, ci oric\u0103rui tip de text narativ.<\/div>\n

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\nStructura \u201e\u00een cascad\u0103\u201d de care vorbe\u015fte van Dijk este cunoscut\u0103 jurnali\u015ftilor sub denumirea de \u201epiramid\u0103 inversat\u0103\u201d sau \u201er\u0103sturnat\u0103\u201d \u015fi este reprezentat\u0103 sub forma unei piramide cu v\u00e2rful \u00een jos, alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din trei secven\u0163e textuale: baza piramidei, care constituie cea mai important\u0103 structur\u0103 textual\u0103 (paragraful introductiv sau lead<\/i>), corpul textului (contextul) \u015fi paragraful final.<\/div>\n

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\nTipul de text care concretizeaz\u0103 structura piramidei inversate este \u015ftirea<\/i>, textul de pres\u0103 cu gradul cel mai mare de neutralitate (jurnalistul \u201ese ascunde\u201d \u00een spatele faptelor) \u015fi de concizie. \u015etirea \u00ee\u015fi organizeaz\u0103 informa\u0163iile dup\u0103 criteriul relevan\u0163ei acestora \u00een rela\u0163ie cu un eveniment de actualitate \u015fi cu sistemul de a\u015ftept\u0103ri ale publicului.<\/div>\n

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\nAstfel, primul element de captare \u00eel reprezint\u0103 titlul, \u00een care fie se introduce o informa\u0163ie de interes dintre cele care circumscriu evenimentul, fie se realizeaz\u0103 un rezumat al evenimentului. De exemplu, \u201eMuzica ar putea fi interzis\u0103 \u00een \u015fcolile din Kuweit\u201d<\/i> (Libertatea, 5 ianuarie 2005) face parte din prima categorie de titluri \u015fi, cu toate c\u0103 informa\u0163ia este dubitativ\u0103 (\u201ear putea fi interzis\u0103\u201d<\/i>), ea st\u00e2rne\u015fte curiozitatea cititorului. Primul paragraf (lead<\/i>) al textului dezvolt\u0103 \u015fi concretizeaz\u0103 informa\u0163ia din titlu, r\u0103spunz\u00e2nd la \u00eentreb\u0103rile Cine? Ce? Unde? Cum? Din ce cauz\u0103?<\/i>: \u201eUn deputat kuweitian a anun\u0163at c\u0103 va conlucra cu al\u0163i deputa\u0163i \u00een vederea interzicerii pred\u0103rii muzicii \u00een \u015fcolile emiratului, catalog\u00e2nd aceast\u0103 activitate drept pierdere de timp\u201d<\/i>. \u00cen lead <\/i>informa\u0163iile privind cauzele evenimentului sunt vagi, ceea ce men\u0163ine curiozitatea cititorului; \u00een ansamblu, \u00eens\u0103, lead<\/i>-ul ofer\u0103 suficiente informa\u0163ii pentru ca un cititor cu o strategie de lectur\u0103 s\u0103 decid\u0103 dac\u0103 va citi textul \u00een continuare sau nu.<\/div>\n

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\nParagraful urm\u0103tor confer\u0103 mai mult\u0103 precizie r\u0103spunsurilor la \u00eentreb\u0103rile: Cine?<\/i> (numele complet), Cum?<\/i> (\u201es\u0103 \u00eenainteze aceast\u0103 propunere pentru dezbateri \u00een cadrul parlamentului\u201d), C\u00e2nd?<\/i> (\u201es\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na viitoare\u201d), Din ce cauz\u0103?<\/i> (\u201ecatalog\u00e2nd muzica drept antiislamic\u0103\u201d): \u201eDeputatul Daihalahh Buramia al Mutairi a afirmat c\u0103 ar fi posibil s\u0103 \u00eenainteze aceast\u0103 propunere pentru dezbateri \u00een cadrul parlamentului, ce se va \u00eentruni s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na viitoare \u00eentr-o \u015fedin\u0163\u0103 privind sistemul educa\u0163ional din emirat. \u201eLec\u0163iile de muzic\u0103 ocup\u0103 timpul elevilor, f\u0103r\u0103 ca ace\u015ftia s\u0103 aib\u0103 vreun c\u00e2\u015ftig din aceasta. P\u0103rin\u0163ii nu \u00ee\u015fi trimit copiii la \u015fcoal\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenve\u0163e s\u0103 c\u00e2nte, ci pentru a primi o educa\u0163ie \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 util\u0103, care s\u0103 le serveasc\u0103 lor \u015fi \u0163\u0103rii\u201d, consider\u0103 deputatul kuweitian. Catalog\u00e2nd muzica drept antiislamic\u0103, Mutairi a declarat c\u0103 inten\u0163ioneaz\u0103 s\u0103 propun\u0103 \u00eenlocuirea acestei discipline cu un curs de educa\u0163ie islamic\u0103.\u201d<\/i><\/div>\n

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\nUltimul paragraf con\u0163ine alte informa\u0163ii despre ini\u0163iatorul legii (\u201emedic de profesie\u201d, Mutairi este deputat islamist), ceea ce permite contextualizarea evenimentului (\u201ela ultimele alegeri legislative\u201d, \u201efor\u0163ele islamice au c\u00e2\u015ftigat 40 % din voturi\u201d): \u201eMedic de profesie, Mutairi a ob\u0163inut un mandat de deputat \u00een parlamentul kuweitian \u00een urma alegerilor legislative din iulie, care au constituit un adev\u0103rat succes pentru for\u0163ele islamiste, c\u00e2\u015ftig\u0103toare a 40 % din locuri\u201d.<\/i><\/div>\n

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\nStructura compozi\u0163ional\u0103 a \u201epiramidei inversate\u201d a reprezentat (\u015fi mai reprezint\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103) \u201eun mit\u201d al presei scrise, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu deceniile 6-7 ale secolului al XX-lea, consider\u00e2ndu-se c\u0103 modul acesta particular de organizare a informa\u0163iilor constituie forma textual\u0103 cu maxim\u0103 eficien\u0163\u0103 \u00een comunicarea jurnalistic\u0103. Ea r\u0103spunde a\u015ftept\u0103rilor publicului \u015fi conceptului de \u201electur\u0103 eficient\u0103\u201d, concept opera\u0163ional \u00een mass-media prin derivatele lui: lectura rapid\u0103, lectura selectiv\u0103, lectura par\u0163ial\u0103.<\/i> A organiza informa\u0163iile \u00een structura piramidei inversate \u00eenseamn\u0103 a livra informa\u0163ia esen\u0163ial\u0103 \u00een primul paragraf, l\u0103s\u00e2ndu-i receptorului posibilitatea de a alege continuarea sau renun\u0163area la lectur\u0103, \u00een func\u0163ie de starea \u015fi de interesele sale de moment. \u00cen felul acesta, se manifest\u0103 considera\u0163ie fa\u0163\u0103 de receptor, stabilindu-se o rela\u0163ie bazat\u0103 pe respect \u015fi \u00eencredere reciproc\u0103 \u00eentre emi\u0163\u0103tor \u015fi cititor.<\/div>\n
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Structura textului jurnalistic const\u0103 \u00een construc\u0163ia acestuia, realizat\u0103 prin unitatea con\u0163inutului \u015fi a formei. Ea presupune integrarea (asamblarea) elementelor constitutive \u00eentr-un tot \u00eenchegat, unitar, coerent, \u00een\u0163eles ca sistem al rela\u0163iilor dintre p\u0103r\u0163i. \u201eForma\u201d unui text jurnalistic se edific\u0103 printr-un act de compozi\u0163ie \u015fi limbaj, adic\u0103 prin asamblarea unei realit\u0103\u0163i textuale de tip special. Este firesc, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nStructura textului jurnalistic. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/24\/structura-textului-jurnalistic-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Structura textului jurnalistic. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Structura textului jurnalistic const\u0103 \u00een construc\u0163ia acestuia, realizat\u0103 prin unitatea con\u0163inutului \u015fi a formei. Ea presupune integrarea (asamblarea) elementelor constitutive \u00eentr-un tot \u00eenchegat, unitar, coerent, \u00een\u0163eles ca sistem al rela\u0163iilor dintre p\u0103r\u0163i. \u201eForma\u201d unui text jurnalistic se edific\u0103 printr-un act de compozi\u0163ie \u015fi limbaj, adic\u0103 prin asamblarea unei realit\u0103\u0163i textuale de tip special. 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