{"id":27833,"date":"2011-02-25T14:46:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-25T14:46:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:48:16","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:48:16","slug":"inceputul-razboiului-pe-frontul-de-vest-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/25\/inceputul-razboiului-pe-frontul-de-vest-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cenceputul r\u0103zboiului pe Frontul de Vest."},"content":{"rendered":"
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\nProgresele \u00een tehnologia militar\u0103 au \u00eenclinat balan\u0163a pe c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103 \u00een favoarea ap\u0103r\u0103rii, cauz\u00e2nd un num\u0103r enorm de pagube, deoarece tacticile contemporane deveniser\u0103 arhaice \u00een noile circumstan\u0163e. S\u00e2rma ghimpat\u0103 a fost utilizat\u0103 \u00eentr-un mod eficient, pentru a \u00eencetini atacurile infanteriei; artileria, care devenise mai eficient\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een deceniul 8 al secolului XIX 1870\u20131880<\/span>, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu mitralierele \u015fi arma chimic\u0103 [arme chimice], aveau un efect extrem de distructiv \u00eempotriva infanteriei, pe un teren neted. Mul\u0163i din ofi\u0163erii \u0163\u0103rilor europene ignoraser\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turile r\u0103zboiului civil american \u015fi erau de acord s\u0103 accepte pierderi mari.<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\nDup\u0103 succesul lor ini\u0163ial \u00een Prima b\u0103t\u0103lie de la Marne, Antanta \u015fi for\u0163ele Puterilor Centrale au \u00eenceput o serie de manevre de \u00eencercuire, pentru a for\u0163a inamicul s\u0103 se retrag\u0103, \u00een a\u015fa numita “\u00centrecerea la mare”. For\u0163ele franceze \u015fi britanice au descoperit rapid pozi\u0163iile defensive germane, care se \u00eentindeau de la Lorraine p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Flandra. Marea Britanie \u015fi Fran\u0163a au \u00eencercat s\u0103 treac\u0103 la ofensiv\u0103, pe c\u00e2nd Germania ap\u0103ra teritoriile ocupate. Tran\u015feele germane erau construite mai bine dec\u00e2t cele ale du\u015fmanilor s\u0103i: tran\u015feele anglo-franceze erau concepute doar ca bariere “temporare”<\/i> p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd for\u0163ele lor o s\u0103 treac\u0103 prin liniile germane. Unii sperau c\u0103 situa\u0163ia incert\u0103 va lua sf\u00e2r\u015fit cu ajutorul tehnologiei. \u00cen aprilie 1915, germanii au realizat pentru prima oar\u0103 o bre\u015f\u0103 de \u015fase kilometri \u00een liniile alia\u0163ilor, c\u00e2nd solda\u0163ii francezi s-au retras. Aceast\u0103 bre\u015f\u0103 a fost acoperit\u0103 de solda\u0163i canadieni, la Ypres<\/span>. Nici unul din oponen\u0163i nu a fost capabil s\u0103 ini\u0163ieze un atac hot\u0103r\u00e2tor, cu toate c\u0103 ac\u0163iunea german\u0103 \u00een B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Verdun, in 1916, \u015fi e\u015fecul Antantei \u00een B\u0103t\u0103lia de pe r\u00e2ul Somme, din vara anului 1916, aproape au distrus armata francez\u0103. \u00cencerc\u0103rile zadarnice ale francezilor de a lansa atacuri puternice \u015fi directe contra liniilor germane s-au terminat cu pierderi enorme pentru infanteria francez\u0103 \u015fi au cauzat acte de insubordonare, care au pus \u00een pericol integritatea frontului francez dup\u0103 Ofensiva Nivelle<\/span>, \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 1917. Noutatea revolu\u0163iei ruse, Revolu\u0163ia Rus\u0103 din 1917, a intensificat sentimentele socialiste. Steaguri ro\u015fii au fost ridicate \u015fi, cu mai multe ocazii, a fost c\u00e2ntat\u0103 “Internationala”. P\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul rebeliunii, au participat la aceasta \u00eentre 30.000 \u015fi 40.000 de solda\u0163i francezi. Pe parcursul perioadei 1915-1917, Imperiul Britanic \u015fi Fran\u0163a au suferit cu mult mai multe pierderi dec\u00e2t Germania, \u00eens\u0103 ambele p\u0103r\u0163i au pierdut milioane de solda\u0163i din cauza r\u0103nilor \u015fi a bolilor.<\/span><\/div>\n

\nTeatrele de opera\u0163ie sudice<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

\n Imperiul Otoman<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\nImperiul Otoman<\/span> s-a alipit Puterilor Centrale \u00een octombrie-noiembrie 1914<\/span>, datorit\u0103 alian\u0163ei secrete turco-german\u0103<\/span> semnat\u0103 pe 2 august, 1914, amenin\u0163\u00e2nd teritoriile ruse din Caucaz<\/span> \u015fi mijloacele de comunicare britanice cu India<\/span> \u015fi cu estul Oceanului Indian, prin Canalul Suez<\/span>. Ac\u0163iunile Imperiului Britanic au deschis un alt front la sud, prin Gallipoli<\/span>, (1915<\/span>) \u015fi Mesopotamia<\/span>, cu toate c\u0103, ini\u0163ial, Turcia<\/span> a reu\u015fit s\u0103 resping\u0103 eforturile inamicilor. \u00cen contrast, \u00een Mesopotamia<\/span>, dup\u0103 campania dezastruoas\u0103 din Kut<\/span> (1915-16), for\u0163ele Imperiul Britanic s-au reorganizat \u015fi au capturat Bagdadul<\/span> \u00een martie 1917. Mai departe, \u00eenspre vest, \u00een Campania Palestinian\u0103<\/span>, \u00een ciuda e\u015fecurilor ini\u0163iale, for\u0163ele Britanice au capturat Ierusalimul<\/span> Decembrie 1917<\/span> \u015fi for\u0163a Egyptian Expeditionary Force<\/span>, sub comanda lui Edmund Allenby<\/span>, a \u00eenvins for\u0163ele otomane \u00een B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Megiddo<\/span> (septembrie 1918). Armatele ruse, \u00een general, au triumfat \u00een Caucaz<\/span>. Enver Pasha<\/span>, comandantul suprem al for\u0163elor armate turce, era un om foarte ambi\u0163ios, cu visul de a cuceri Asia Central\u0103<\/span>, \u00eens\u0103 nu a fost un soldat practic. El a ini\u0163iat o ofensiv\u0103 cu 100.000 de solda\u0163i contra Rusiei \u00een Caucaz (decembrie 1914). Insist\u00e2nd asupra unui atac direct contra pozi\u0163iilor defensive ruse \u00een mun\u0163i, \u00een mijlocul iernii, Enver a pierdut 86% din for\u0163a sa la B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Sarikamis<\/span>. Comandantul rus \u00een perioada 1915-1916, Generalul Nikolai Iudenici<\/span>, dup\u0103 unele victorii asupra turcilor, a for\u0163at turcii s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 Armenia<\/span> modern\u0103 \u015fi, \u00eentr-un mod tragic, a creat contextul pentru deportarea \u015fi genocidul<\/span> contra armenilor<\/span> din Armenia de est. \u00cen 1917 Nicolai Nicolaevici<\/span> a acaparat controlul opera\u0163ional de la Iudenici. De\u0163in\u00e2nd controlul unei p\u0103r\u0163i a coastei M\u0103rii Negre<\/span>, Nicolai a continuat construirea c\u0103ii ferate pentru a facilita aprovizionarea solda\u0163ilor s\u0103i. El a fost preg\u0103tit pentru o ofensiv\u0103 \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 1917. Totu\u015fi, din cauza revolu\u0163iei ruse, nici o ofensiv\u0103 nu a fost ini\u0163iat\u0103 \u015fi for\u0163ele ruse s-au destr\u0103mat.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n Teatrul italian<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\nItalia<\/span> a fost aliatul Imperiului German \u015fi Austro-Ungar, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 1882<\/span>, dar avea \u015fi planurile sale proprii privind recuperarea regiunilor Trentino<\/span>, Istria<\/span> \u015fi Dalma\u0163ia<\/span>, aflate \u00een teritoriul austriac . \u00cen 1902<\/span>, Italia a \u00eencheiat un pact secret cu Fran\u0163a care a anulat datoriile \u0163\u0103rii fa\u0163\u0103 de alian\u0163a anterioar\u0103. Italia a refuzat s\u0103 se alipeasc\u0103 for\u0163elor germane \u015fi austriece la \u00eenceputul r\u0103zboiului, deoarece alian\u0163a lor originar\u0103 avea un scop doar defensiv, \u00eens\u0103 Austria a declarat r\u0103zboi Serbiei. Guvernul Austriei \u00eencepuse negocieri pentru a ob\u0163ine neutralitatea Italiei cu promisiunea c\u0103 Italia va ob\u0163ine Tunisia<\/span>, \u00eens\u0103 ea a intrat \u00een Antanta<\/span>, semn\u00e2nd Pactul de la Londra<\/span>, \u00een aprilie, \u015fi declar\u00e2nd r\u0103zboi Austro-Ungariei, \u00een mai 1915<\/span>; peste cincisprezece luni, Italia a declarat r\u0103zboi \u015fi Germaniei .<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\u00cen general, for\u0163ele italiene au avut o superioritate numeric\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 erau prost aprovizionate. For\u0163ele Austro-Ungariei au beneficiat de pozi\u0163iile lor la altitudini \u00eenalte \u00een teritoriul muntos, care, nicidecum, nu favoriza ofensive militare. Pe parcursul r\u0103zboiului, situa\u0163ia pe acest front s-a schimbat pu\u0163in, \u00een ciuda luptelor cr\u00e2ncene dintre for\u0163ele austriece Kaisersch\u00fctzen<\/span> \u015fi Standsch\u00fctzen<\/span> \u015fi for\u0163ele italiene Alpini<\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu 1915, Italia a ini\u0163iat 17 ofensive importante pe frontul Isonzo<\/span> (partea frontierei de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Trieste<\/span>), \u00eens\u0103 toate au fost respinse de c\u0103tre for\u0163ele austriece, care aveau avantajul terenului mai \u00eenalt. For\u0163ele Austro-Ungariei au lansat contraatacuri din Asiago<\/span> \u00eenspre Verona<\/span> \u015fi Padua<\/span>, \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 1916<\/span> (Strafexpedition<\/i>), dar au f\u0103cut doar pu\u0163ine progrese. Vara, italienii au reluat ofensiva, captur\u00e2nd ora\u015ful Gorizia<\/span>. Dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 victorie minor\u0103, frontul a r\u0103mas practic nemi\u015fcat mai mult de un an, \u00een pofida mai multor ofensive italiene pe frontul Isonzo. \u00cen toamna anului 1917<\/span>, datorit\u0103 situa\u0163iei favorabile de pe Frontul de R\u0103s\u0103rit (Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial)<\/span>, austro-ungarii au primit \u00eent\u0103riri apreciabile, incluz\u00e2nd \u015fi for\u0163e de asalt germane. La 26 octombrie, ei au lansat o ofensiv\u0103 crucial\u0103, care s-a soldat cu o victorie major\u0103 \u00een B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Caporetto<\/span>: armata italian\u0103 a fost \u00eenvins\u0103, dar, dup\u0103 ce s-a retras la o distan\u0163\u0103 de 100 de km, ea a reu\u015fit s\u0103 se reorganizeze \u015fi s\u0103 stopeze for\u0163ele inamice pe r\u00e2ul Piave B\u0103t\u0103lia r\u00e2ului Piave<\/span>. \u00cen 1918<\/span> austro-ungarii nu au reu\u015fit s\u0103 rup\u0103 linia italian\u0103, \u00een pofida a numeroase \u00eencerc\u0103ri, \u015fi, dup\u0103 ce a suferit o \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere decisiv\u0103 \u00een B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Vittorio Veneto<\/span>, ea a capitulat \u00een fa\u0163a for\u0163elor Antantei (noiembrie 1918).<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\nPe parcursul r\u0103zboiului, comandantul armatei austro-ungare, Conrad von H\u00f6tzendorf<\/span>, a avut o aversiune acut\u0103 pentru italieni, deoarece considera c\u0103 Italia reprezenta cel mai mare pericol pentru \u0163ara sa. Tr\u0103darea lor \u00een 1915 l-a \u00eenfuriat \u015fi mai mult. Ura sa pentru Italia i-a limitat ra\u0163iunea \u015fi l-a condus s\u0103 aleag\u0103 o strategie defectuoas\u0103 \u00een lupta contra acestui adversar.<\/span><\/div>\n

\nRom\u00e2nia<\/span> \u015fi Italia<\/span> \u00een anii Primului R\u0103zboi Mondial<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

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\n\u00cenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul r\u0103zboiului mondial, \u00eentre Rom\u00e2nia \u015fi Italia, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1914<\/span> membre ale grup\u0103rii Puterilor Centrale<\/span>, s-a produs o apropiere dorit\u0103 de oamenii politici din cele dou\u0103 state.”Un acord \u00eentre Italia \u015fi Rom\u00e2nia ni se pare foarte dorit”, transmitea baronul Carlo Fasciotii<\/span>, acreditat la Bucuresti, la 12 august 1914, \u015fefului Consultei, marchizul Antonio di San Giuliano. I.C.Br\u0103tianu<\/span> dorea ca Rom\u00e2nia, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Italia, s\u0103 constituie o alian\u0163\u0103 capabil\u0103 s\u0103 determine Antanta<\/span> s\u0103 accepte \u015fi s\u0103 sprijine realizarea dezideratelor na\u0163ionale ale celor dou\u0103 \u0163\u0103ri. La 23 septembrie 1914, Br\u0103tianu a acceptat textul acordului propus de San Giuliano, opin\u00e2nd c\u0103 acesta corespundea “integral sentimentelor \u015fi dorin\u0163elor poporului rom\u00e2n.” Carlo Fasciotti, scria Consultei c\u0103 era necesar un angajament formal de informare “asupra propunerilor ce ni se fac”. Acordul \u00eencheiat, care marca o etap\u0103 important\u0103 \u00een rela\u0163iile bilaterale, obliga cele dou\u0103 \u0163\u0103ri s\u0103 nu ias\u0103 din neutralitate f\u0103r\u0103 a se informa \u00een prealabil, s\u0103 p\u0103streze contacte \u015fi s\u0103 se consulte \u00een probleme de interes reciproc, Rom\u00e2niei recunosc\u00e2ndu-i-se drepturile asupra Transilvaniei<\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\n

\nR\u0103zboiul \u00een Balcani<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\nDup\u0103 respingerea a trei invazii austriece \u00een august-decembrie 1914<\/span>, Serbia a c\u0103zut \u00een urma unei ofensive puternice compus\u0103 din for\u0163e austro-ungare, germane \u015fi bulgare, \u00een octombrie 1915<\/span>. Armata s\u00e2rb\u0103 s-a retras \u00een Albania<\/span> \u015fi Grecia<\/span>. La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anului 1915, o for\u0163\u0103 britanico-francez\u0103 a sosit la Salonic<\/span>, \u00een Grecia, pentru a oferi asisten\u0163\u0103 for\u0163elor grece\u015fti contra Puterilor Centrale. Din p\u0103cate pentru Alia\u0163i, guvernul pro-aliat Eleftherios Venizelos<\/span> a c\u0103zut \u00eenaintea sosirii for\u0163ei aliate \u015fi regele pro-german, Constantin, a tergiversat intrarea Greciei \u00een r\u0103zboi de partea Alia\u0163ilor p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1917<\/span>. \u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, frontul din Salonic a r\u0103mas \u00eentr-o situa\u0163ie, practic, inert\u0103. Doar la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul r\u0103zboiului, dup\u0103 ce majoritatea for\u0163elor germane \u015fi austro-ungare p\u0103r\u0103siser\u0103 frontul, l\u0103s\u00e2ndu-l \u00een m\u00e2inile bulgarilor, a reu\u015fit Antanta s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 o ruptur\u0103 critic\u0103 \u00een liniile inamicilor, for\u0163\u00e2nd Bulgaria s\u0103 semneze armisti\u0163iul<\/span> (29 septembrie<\/span> 1918<\/span>).<\/span><\/div>\n

\nFrontul de Est<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

\nCu toate c\u0103 r\u0103zboiul devenise, practic, imobil \u00een tran\u015feele Frontului de Vest, conflictul era mai dinamic \u00een Est. Planurile ruse ini\u0163iale pentru r\u0103zboi cereau dou\u0103 invazii simultane: una \u00een Gali\u0163ia<\/span>, viz\u00e2nd Austria, \u015fi alta \u00een Prusia R\u0103s\u0103ritean\u0103<\/span>. Cu toate c\u0103 atacul rus ini\u0163ial, \u00een Gali\u0163ia, a avut succes, \u00een Prusia, for\u0163ele ruse au fost respinse de c\u0103tre Hindenburg<\/span> \u015fi Ludendorff<\/span>, \u00een B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Tannenberg<\/span> \u015fi B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Lacurile Mazuriene<\/span> (august \u015fi septembrie 1914), infrastructura economic\u0103 \u015fi militar\u0103 inferioar\u0103 a Rusiei neput\u00e2nd rezista for\u0163elor unite ale Germaniei \u015fi Austro-Ungariei. \u00cen prim\u0103vara anului 1915, for\u0163ele ruse au fost respinse p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Gali\u0163ia \u015fi, \u00een mai, Puterile Centrale au reu\u015fit s\u0103 avanseze \u00een sudul Poloniei, captur\u00e2nd Var\u015fovia<\/span>, la 5 august, \u015fi for\u0163\u00e2ndu-i pe ru\u015fi s\u0103 abandoneze complet Polonia, \u00een a\u015fa numita “Mare Retragere”.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Progresele \u00een tehnologia militar\u0103 au \u00eenclinat balan\u0163a pe c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103 \u00een favoarea ap\u0103r\u0103rii, cauz\u00e2nd un num\u0103r enorm de pagube, deoarece tacticile contemporane deveniser\u0103 arhaice \u00een noile circumstan\u0163e. S\u00e2rma ghimpat\u0103 a fost utilizat\u0103 \u00eentr-un mod eficient, pentru a \u00eencetini atacurile infanteriei; artileria, care devenise mai eficient\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een deceniul 8 al secolului XIX 1870\u20131880, \u00eempreun\u0103 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u00cenceputul r\u0103zboiului pe Frontul de Vest. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/25\/inceputul-razboiului-pe-frontul-de-vest-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00cenceputul r\u0103zboiului pe Frontul de Vest. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Progresele \u00een tehnologia militar\u0103 au \u00eenclinat balan\u0163a pe c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103 \u00een favoarea ap\u0103r\u0103rii, cauz\u00e2nd un num\u0103r enorm de pagube, deoarece tacticile contemporane deveniser\u0103 arhaice \u00een noile circumstan\u0163e. 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