{"id":27561,"date":"2011-02-28T13:56:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-28T13:56:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:47:01","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:47:01","slug":"infringerea-puterilor-centrale-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/28\/infringerea-puterilor-centrale-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cenfr\u00eengerea Puterilor Centrale. Sf\u00eer\u015fitul primului r\u0103zboi mondial."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>Bulgaria a fost prima din Puterile Centrale care a semnat un  armisti\u0163iu \u00een data de (29 septembrie 1918). La 30 octombrie a capitulat  \u015fi Imperiul Otoman. \u00cen 3 noiembrie Austro-Ungaria a trimis un steag alb  comandantului italian pentru a-i cere un armisti\u0163iu \u015fi termenii p\u0103cii.  Termenii au fost aranja\u0163i, prin telegraf, cu autorit\u0103\u0163ile Antantei de la  Paris \u015fi au fost comunica\u0163i Austro-Ungariei, iar aceasta i-a acceptat.  Armisti\u0163iul cu Austria a intrat \u00een vigoare \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu ora 3, \u00een dup\u0103  amiaza zilei de 4 noiembrie. Austria \u015fi Ungaria au semnat armisti\u0163ii  separate, \u00een urma pr\u0103bu\u015firii monarhiei habsburgice. Dup\u0103 izbucnirea  Revolu\u0163iei germane, a fost proclamat\u0103 o republic\u0103, la 9 noiembrie,  marc\u00e2nd sf\u00e2r\u015fitul Imperiului German. Kaiserul s-a refugiat a doua zi \u00een  Olanda, care i-a acordat azil politic (a se vedea Republica de la  Weimar). O zi mai t\u00e2rziu (11 noiembrie), la Compi\u00e8gne, \u00een Fran\u0163a,  \u00eentr-un convoi feroviar, a fost semnat un armisti\u0163iu. La ora 11, \u00een  aceea\u015fi zi, a \u00eencetat focul \u015fi armatele au \u00eenceput s\u0103 se retrag\u0103. George  Lawrence Price este considerat, \u00een mod tradi\u0163ional, ca fiind ultimul  soldat ucis. Starea de r\u0103zboi \u00eentre<a href=\"\" name=\"more\"><\/a> cele dou\u0103 tabere a  persistat pentru \u00eenc\u0103 \u015fapte luni p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eencetarea final\u0103 consacrat\u0103  prin semnarea Tratatului de la Versailles cu Germania (28 iunie 1919) \u015fi  a urm\u0103toarelor tratate cu Austria (la St. Germain), Ungaria (Trianon),  Bulgaria (Neuilly) \u015fi Imperiul Otoman (S\u00e8vres). Astfel, multe memoriale  ofer\u0103 ca dat\u0103 final\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului anul 1919; \u00een contrast, cele mai multe  comemor\u0103ri ale r\u0103zboiului se concentreaz\u0103 asupra armisti\u0163iului din  1918. Primul Razboi Mondial a inceput pe 28 Iulie 1914 cu o declaratie  de razboi a Austro-Ungariei adresata Serbiei, ostilitatile dintre Aliati  si Puterea Centrala continuand pana la semnarea armistitiului pe 11  Noembrie 1918, o perioada de 4 ani, 3 luni si 14 zile. Costul total al  razboiului s-a ridicat la aproape 186 miliarde dolari. Numarul victimele  in randul fortelor de pe uscat a fost mai mare de 37 de milioane. In  ciuda sperantelor generale ca pacea de dupa razboi va reda pacea  mondiala permanent, in realitate, Primul Razboi Mondial a pus bazele  unui conflict mult mai devastator. Puterea Centrala invinsa a declarat  acceptarea celor 14 Prevederi ale presedintelui Wilson ca bazele  armistitiului si s-au asteptat de la Aliati sa foloseasca aceste  prevederi ca fundamente principale asupra tratatelor de pace. Pe de alta  parte, totusi, Aliati au venit la Conferinta de la Versailles si la  conferintele de pace de mai tarziu cu determinarea exacta a costurilor  de razboi datorate de Puterile Centrale, si cu hotararea de a distribui  intre ei teritorii si posesiuni ale statelor invinse dupa formula creata  in secret intre ani 1915 si 1917. Presedintele Wilson, la negocierile  de pace, a insistat la inceput ca Conferinta de Pace de la  Paris sa se  accepte intregul program prevazut in cele 14 puncte, dar, in final,  pentru a se asigura de sprijinul Aliatilor, a abandonat unele prevederi.  Tratatele de pace ce s-au nascut de pe urma conferintelor de la  Versailles, Saint-Germain, Trianon, Neuilly si S\u00e8vres erau clar  favorabile puterilor invingatoare, aceasta ducand la crearea unui  militerialism si unui nationalism agresiv in Germania si unui dezordini  sociale in majoritatea Europei. Primul r\u0103zboi mondial prin dimensiunile  sale temporale (patru ani) \u015fi geografice (Europa, Africa, Orientul  Mijlociu \u015fi Oceanul Atlantic \u00een primul r\u00e2nd), prin uria\u015fele eforturi  umane \u015fi materiale f\u0103cute de toate statele combatante, prin  caracteristicile sale militare \u015fi nu \u00een ultimul r\u00eend prin num\u0103rul  nemai\u00eent\u00e2lnit de victime a marcat, \u00een mod tragic, sf\u00e2r\u015fitul brusc al  unei lumi \u015fi intrarea \u00eentr-un secol nou, al violen\u0163ei pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103, al  ideologiilor combatante, al totalitarismelor \u015fi al crimelor de mas\u0103  programatic induse de stat. \u00cen acela\u015fi timp, \u201escurtul\u201d secol XX va fi,  poate tocmai datorit\u0103 conflagra\u0163iilor nimicitoare ce l-au marcat, un  secol al proiectelor pa\u015fnice grandioase, al preocup\u0103rilor formidabile  pentru drepturile individului la nivel interna\u0163ional, al unui  extraordinar avans tehnico-\u015ftiin\u0163ific precum \u015fi un reper fundamental \u00een  construirea unei lumi a valorilor democratice \u015fi a libert\u0103\u0163ii. Primul  R\u0103zboi Mondial s-a dovedit a fi o ruptur\u0103 decisiv\u0103 cu vechea ordine  mondial\u0103, marc\u00e2nd \u00eencetarea final\u0103 a absolutismului monarhic \u00een Europa.  Patru imperii au fost dobor\u00e2te: German, Austro-Ungar, Otoman \u015fi Rus.  Cele patru dinastii ale lor, Hohenzollern, Habsburg, Otoman \u015fi Romanov,  care au avut r\u0103d\u0103cini ale puterii \u00eenc\u0103 din timpul cruciadelor, au c\u0103zut  dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi. E\u015fecul de a rezolva crizele postbelice a contribuit la  ascenden\u0163a fascismului \u00een Italia, a nazismului \u00een Germania \u015fi la  izbucnirea celui de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial. R\u0103zboiul a catalizat  Revolu\u0163ia bol\u015fevic\u0103, cea care avea s\u0103 inspire ulterior revolu\u0163ii  comuniste \u00een diferite \u0163\u0103ri, precum China sau Cuba. \u00cen est, c\u0103derea  Imperiului Otoman a pavat calea spre democra\u0163ia modern\u0103 \u015fi laicizarea  statului succesor, Turcia. \u00cen Europa Central\u0103 au fost \u00eenfiin\u0163ate state  noi, precum Cehoslovacia sau Iugoslavia, iar Polonia a fost redefinit\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bulgaria a fost prima din Puterile Centrale care a semnat un armisti\u0163iu \u00een data de (29 septembrie 1918). La 30 octombrie a capitulat \u015fi Imperiul Otoman. \u00cen 3 noiembrie Austro-Ungaria a trimis un steag alb comandantului italian pentru a-i cere un armisti\u0163iu \u015fi termenii p\u0103cii. Termenii au fost aranja\u0163i, prin telegraf, cu autorit\u0103\u0163ile Antantei de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00cenfr\u00eengerea Puterilor Centrale. 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