{"id":27541,"date":"2011-02-28T14:08:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-28T14:08:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:46:55","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:46:55","slug":"situatia-social-economica-si-politica-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/28\/situatia-social-economica-si-politica-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Situa\u0163ia social-economic\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103 a statelor italiene \u00een sec. al XVIII-lea &#8211; prima jum. a sec. al XIX-lea."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div class=\"postBody\" style=\"color: black; text-align: justify;\">Situa\u0163ia  statelor italiene era mai complicat\u0103 dec\u00e2t a celor germane. Vechiul  regat al Romei, era dezmembrat \u00een mai multe state, care nu aveau nimic  comun \u00eentre ele, cu excep\u0163ia limbii. \u00cemp\u0103r\u0163irea teritorial\u0103 a lui a  \u00eensemnat, politic, domina\u0163ia Imperiului Habsburgic, a dinastiei de  Savoia \u015fi a Bourbonilor spanioli \u015fi, a statului papal. Situa\u0163ia statelor  italiene era considerat\u0103, pe bun\u0103 dreptate, \u201eun pas \u00eenapoi \u00een  compara\u0163ie cu perioada napo\u00adleonian\u0103\u2019\u2019. Acest fapt a cauzat stagnarea,  \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, \u00een economie. Cele mai bogate provincii, erau sub  ocupa\u0163ie austriac\u0103, iar \u00eentoarcerea la sistemul mai multor bariere  vamale \u00eei priva pe italieni de o unitate economic\u0103. Revenirea la  principiile <a href=\"\" name=\"more\"><\/a>vechiului regim, pe baza Restaura\u0163iei,  sus\u0163inut\u0103 de marile puteri, nu s-a f\u0103cut la fel \u00een toate statele  italiene. A doua caracteristic\u0103 a situa\u0163iei politice italiene este dat\u0103  de apari\u0163ia \u015fi dezvoltarea opozi\u0163iei politice. Aceasta s-a manifestat,  \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, prin mi\u015fcarea carbonarilor. Asocia\u0163ia \u201eCarboneria&#8221; a  ap\u0103rut \u00een regiunile din sud \u015fi avea ca obiectiv reformele \u015fi eliberarea  na\u0163ional\u0103. \u00cen acela\u015fi timp, \u00een zonele nordice, liberalii s-au grupat  \u00eenjurul ziarului \u201eIL Conciliatore&#8221;, fondat \u015fi condus de c\u0103tre Silvio  Pellico. \u00cen anul 1817a avut loc insurec\u0163ia de la Macerata, iar peste doi  ani au \u00eenceput mi\u015fc\u0103rile politice din Sicilia, care \u015fi mai mult s-au  intensificat sub influen\u0163a evenimentelor din Spania, din anul 1820.  Insurec\u0163ia siciliana a avut o mare influen\u0163\u0103 asupra \u00eentregii peninsule.  Ea a fost urmat\u0103, la scurt timp, de mi\u015fcarea din Piemont. Faptul c\u0103  Piemont nu se afla sub domina\u0163ie str\u0103in\u0103 a permis ca aici liberalismul  s\u0103 fie mai avansat. La \u00eenceputul anului 1821 \u00een Piemont au avut loc mai  multe manifesta\u0163ii, la care au participat studen\u0163i \u015fi alte grup\u0103ri  socio-profesionale. Cu acest prilej a ap\u0103rut \u015fi ideea unirii sub form\u0103  de regat &#8211; Regatul Italiei de Sus. In ziua de 11 martie, trupele  comandate de Ferrero au ajuns \u00een fa\u0163a ora\u015fului Torino. Victor Emanuel I a  fost obligat s\u0103 proclame constitu\u0163ia. Cu ajutorul Austriei, sub  obl\u0103duirea Sfintei Alian\u0163e, \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a lunii martie 1821,  Carlo Felice a \u00eenceput represaliile. Procesele intentate membrilor  Carboneriei s-au \u00eencheiat cu multe condamn\u0103ri. \u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea mi\u015fc\u0103rii din  Piemont a marcat, pentru un timp, triumful Restaura\u0163iei \u00een Italia.  Revolu\u0163ia francez\u0103 din anul 1830 i-a influen\u0163at direct pe italieni, nu  at\u00e2t prin idei, c\u00e2t prin faptul c\u0103 d\u0103dea o lovitur\u0103 principiului  legitimit\u0103\u0163ii \u015fi sus\u0163in\u0103toarei acestuia &#8211; Sf\u00e2nta Alian\u0163\u0103. Au urmat  mi\u015fc\u0103rile de la Modena, Parma, Romagna \u015fi Umbrio. Este evident c\u0103  mi\u015fc\u0103rile au dep\u0103\u015fit vechiul cadru al revendic\u0103rilor. Ele vizau  schimbarea guvernelor, a conduc\u0103torilor \u015fi eliberarea de sub domina\u0163ia  str\u0103in\u0103. Ac\u0163iunile nu au reu\u015fit. Dup\u0103 1831 problema na\u0163ional\u0103 va ie\u015fi pe  prim-plan. Noua faz\u0103 purta numele de \u201eRisorgimento&#8221;. Ini\u0163iatorul \u015fi  conduc\u0103torul mi\u015fc\u0103rii a fost Giuseppe Mazzini. Programul prevedea  formarea \u015fi stabilirea \u00een Italia a unor grupuri de ideali\u015fti care  acceptau s\u0103 se sacrifice pentru cauza general\u0103. E\u015fecul acestor mi\u015fc\u0103ri a  fost suportat \u015fi de c\u0103tre Mazzini. In anul 1834 el a fost exilat la  Berna. Aici a \u00eentemeiat organiza\u0163ia \u201eT\u00e2n\u0103ra Europ\u0103&#8221;, al c\u0103rei sediu va  fi stabilit, din anul 1836, la Londra.  Anume \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103  Mazzini \u00ee\u015fi expune ideile sale politice. Ac\u0163iunile \u015fi mi\u015fc\u0103rile care  s-au \u0163inut lan\u0163 dup\u0103 anul 1815 au adus italienii la revolu\u0163ia din 1848.  Cu toate greut\u0103\u0163ile, pu\u0163in, dar se \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 o evolu\u0163ie economic\u0103,  care \u00eei desparte de trecut. Sc dezvolt\u0103 industria, mai ales cea textil\u0103.  Mi\u015fc\u0103rile respective au provocat modific\u0103ri. Succesorul Papei Grigore  al XVI-lea, Pius al IX-lea, deschide seria reformelor. La 17 iulie 1846  el i-a amnistiat pe to\u0163i condamna\u0163ii politici. Sub presiunea popula\u0163iei,  condus\u0103 de un adev\u0103rat tribun, Brunetti, Papa a f\u0103cut \u015fi alte concesii.  A acordat libertate presei, a permis intrarea laicilor \u00een administra\u0163ia  public\u0103, a creat un consiliu de mini\u015ftri. Punerea \u00een aplicare a  proiectelor a fost f\u0103cut\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 cu \u00eent\u00e2rziere din cauza interven\u0163iei  Austriei. Invoc\u00e2nd art. 103 al Tratatului de la  Viena, Mettemich a  decis interven\u0163ia militar\u0103. La 16 iulie 1847 a fost ocupat ora\u015ful  Ferrara. \u00een aceste condi\u0163ii, mi\u015fcarea italian\u0103 a devenit general\u0103. Lupta  se ducea pentru ob\u0163inerea libert\u0103\u0163ilor social-politice \u015fi rezolvarea  problemei na\u0163ionale. La interven\u0163ia Papei, trupele austriece s-au  retras.<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Situa\u0163ia statelor italiene era mai complicat\u0103 dec\u00e2t a celor germane. Vechiul regat al Romei, era dezmembrat \u00een mai multe state, care nu aveau nimic comun \u00eentre ele, cu excep\u0163ia limbii. \u00cemp\u0103r\u0163irea teritorial\u0103 a lui a \u00eensemnat, politic, domina\u0163ia Imperiului Habsburgic, a dinastiei de Savoia \u015fi a Bourbonilor spanioli \u015fi, a statului papal. Situa\u0163ia statelor italiene [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Situa\u0163ia social-economic\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103 a statelor italiene \u00een sec. al XVIII-lea - prima jum. a sec. al XIX-lea. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/02\/28\/situatia-social-economica-si-politica-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Situa\u0163ia social-economic\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103 a statelor italiene \u00een sec. al XVIII-lea - prima jum. a sec. al XIX-lea. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Situa\u0163ia statelor italiene era mai complicat\u0103 dec\u00e2t a celor germane. 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