{"id":27485,"date":"2011-03-01T11:15:00","date_gmt":"2011-03-01T11:15:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:46:46","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:46:46","slug":"revolutia-franceza-de-la-sfarsitul-sec-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/03\/01\/revolutia-franceza-de-la-sfarsitul-sec-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Revolu\u0163ia francez\u0103 de la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul sec. al XVIII-lea."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;\">Criza monarhiei  absolutiste franceze a \u00eenceput dup\u0103 1715, anul mor\u0163ii lui Ludovic al  XIV-lea. Finan\u0163ele erau sec\u0103tuite de desele r\u0103zboaie, iar popula\u0163ia  vl\u0103guit\u0103 \u015fi profund nemul\u0163umit\u0103. Regele Ludovic al XV-lea a antrenat  \u0163ara \u00eentr0o serie de r\u0103zboaie inutile av\u00e2nd ca rezultat sc\u0103derea  prestigiului Fran\u0163ei \u015fi o criz\u0103 financiar\u0103 care va d\u0103inui p\u00e2n\u0103 la  revolu\u0163ie. Politica falimentar\u0103 a lui Ludovic al XV-lea a fost ilustrat\u0103  de \u00eencheierea umilitoarei p\u0103ci din 1763, c\u00e2nd Fran\u0163a pierdea \u00een  favoarea Angliei teritorii precum Canada, Louisiana \u015fi India. \u00cen schimb,  monarhia francez\u0103 a sprijinit lupta de eliberare a coloniilor engleze  din America de Nord, dar cu pre\u0163ul ad\u00e2ncirii crizei finan\u0163elor publice.  Regele Ludovic al XVI-lea (1774-1792) a e\u015fuat \u00een toate \u00eencerc\u0103rile de a  reforma finan\u0163ele \u0163\u0103rii. R\u00e2nd pe r\u00e2nd mini\u015ftrii<a href=\"\" name=\"more\"><\/a>  Turgot, Necker \u015fi Calonne care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 legifereze impozitarea  nobilimii au fost demi\u015fi la presiunile privilegia\u0163ilor. Se produce  a\u015fa-numita \u201erevolt\u0103 a nobilimii\u201d, prin care s-a respins orice \u00eencercare  de reformare a institu\u0163iilor aristocratice. La fel ca \u015fi \u00een Anglia,  cauza imediat\u0103 a declan\u015f\u0103rii revolu\u0163iei a fost criza financiar\u0103 \u015fi  \u00eempotrivirea la reforme a categoriilor privilegiate. \u00cen plan intelectual  circulau idei noi, promovate de filosofii epocii \u201eluminilor\u201d, care  criticau absolutismul monarhic \u015fi sus\u0163ineau un regim al libert\u0103\u0163ii \u015fi  egalit\u0103\u0163ii. Interesat\u0103 s\u0103 rezolve criza \u015fi s\u0103 salveze statutul, monarhia  a g\u0103sit de cuviin\u0163\u0103 s\u0103 convoace un organism reprezentativ (care nu mai  fusese convovat din 1614), din care f\u0103ceau parte \u015fi neprivilegia\u0163ii \u2013  Adunarea St\u0103rilor Generale (5 mai 1789).Restabilirea Adun\u0103rii St\u0103rilor  Generale a declan\u015fat \u00een Fran\u0163a o efervescen\u0163\u0103 social\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103  precedent: regele solicitase alc\u0103tuirea unor caiete de dolean\u0163e, care  \u00eeng\u0103duiau nobilimii, clerului \u015fi st\u0103rii a III-a, s\u0103-\u015fi formuleze  revendic\u0103rile sub forma unor cereri adresate suveranului. Cele mai multe  solicitau desfiin\u0163area absolutismului, o reform\u0103 complet\u0103 a  fiscalit\u0103\u0163ii \u015fi justi\u0163iei, constituirea unei adun\u0103ri reprezentative care  s\u0103 decid\u0103 asupra legilor \u015fi impozitelor, introducerea unei constitu\u0163ii.  REVOLU\u0162IA POLITIC\u0102 (mai-iulie 1789). \u00cenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceput s-a v\u0103zut  limpede c\u0103 regele nu dorea reform\u0103 sau constitu\u0163ie, a\u015fa cum ceruser\u0103  insistent \u201ecaietele de dolean\u0163e\u201d. Obiectivul s\u0103u, urm\u0103rit asiduu de mai  mult\u0103 vreme, era doar acoperirea deficitul bugetar printr-o politic\u0103 de  impozite acceptat\u0103 de toate trei st\u0103rile \u015fi men\u0163inerea absolutismului.  Drumul de la vechea adunare medieval\u0103 la Adunarea Na\u0163ional\u0103 Constituant\u0103  modern\u0103 a fost deschis de diferendul dintre rege \u015fi reprezentan\u0163ii  st\u0103rii a III-a: s\u0103 se voteze pe st\u0103ri (ar fi fost \u00een avantajul  privilegia\u0163ilor) sau individual (evident, \u00een favoarea majorit\u0103\u0163ii  neprivilegiate). Delega\u0163ii st\u0103rii a III-a, la propunerea abatelui  Siey\u00e8s, consider\u00e2nd c\u0103 reprezint\u0103 96% din na\u0163iune, s-au proclamat  Adunare Constituant\u0103 (17 iunie 1789), iar membrii ei au jurat s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103  uni\u0163i p\u00e2n\u0103 ce vor da Fran\u0163ei o constitu\u0163ie. Ludovic XVI a acceptat  inevitabilul \u015fi a invitat deputa\u0163ii celorlalte ordine s\u0103 i se al\u0103ture.  Adunarea, cuprinz\u00e2ndu-i acum pe to\u0163i membri St\u0103rilor Generale, s-a  proclamat Adunare Na\u0163ional\u0103 Constituant\u0103 (9 iulie 1789). Monarhia  absolutist\u0103 a sucombat. Suveranitatea na\u0163ional\u0103 \u00eenlocuie\u015fte suveranul de  drept divin. Guvernarea Fran\u0163ei se va face \u00een baza unui contract  \u00eencheiat \u00eentre suveran \u015fi na\u0163iune. \u00cen acest stadiu, se poate vorbi de o  monarhie moderat\u0103, dup\u0103 model englez.Regele, r\u0103u sf\u0103tuit, concentreaz\u0103  trupe \u00een jurul Parisului. Acest fapt provoac\u0103 revolta maselor populare.  Parizienii se \u00eenarmeaz\u0103 \u015fi alc\u0103tuiesc Garda Na\u0163ional\u0103 condus\u0103 de  marchizul La Fayette. Se instituie o municipalitate revolu\u0163ionar\u0103 \u00een  frunte cu savantul Bailley. La 14 iulie 1789 e atacat\u0103 \u015fi cucerit\u0103  Bastilia, simbolul absolutismului monarhic. REVOLU\u0162IA SOCIAL\u0102  (iulie-august 1789). Ac\u0163iunile antiabsolutiste de la Paris \u015fi din marile  ora\u015fe au creat un precedent pe care lumea rural\u0103 \u00eel va urma f\u0103r\u0103  ezitare. Recoltele proaste, cu consecin\u0163a lor imediat\u0103 \u2013 cre\u015fterea  pre\u0163ului p\u00e2inii \u015fi \u015fomajul lucr\u0103torilor cu ziua \u2013 au creat \u00eenc\u0103 din  prim\u0103vara anului 1789 condi\u0163iile unei mari r\u0103scoale \u0163\u0103r\u0103ne\u015fti. La sate  se dorea \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irea echitabil\u0103 a gr\u00e2nelor, evident, \u00een detrimentul  celora care de\u0163ineau prea mult (seniorii laici \u015fi ecleziastici, dar \u015fi  proprietari din r\u00e2ndul burgheziei) \u015fi \u015ftergerea impozitelor c\u0103tre stat,  precum \u015fi a obliga\u0163iilor feudale. Acest program a fost dezvoltat \u00een vara  anului 1789, c\u00e2nd \u00een cursul unor r\u0103scoale au fost distruse arhive care  consemnau datorii \u015fi au fost atacate \u015fi incendiate numeroase castele  nobiliare.Starea general\u0103 de anarhie produs\u0103 de aceast\u0103 r\u0103zvr\u0103tire nu  putea r\u0103m\u00e2ne f\u0103r\u0103 urm\u0103ri. Constituanta, speriat\u0103 de tumultul satelor, a  desfiin\u0163at \u00een noaptea de 4 august 1789, toate privilegiile feudale,  statu\u00e2ndu-se deplina egalitate \u00eentre to\u0163i francezii, deveni\u0163i acum, din  vechi participan\u0163i la ordine medievale, cet\u0103\u0163eni. Cum o nou\u0103 constitu\u0163ie  nu se putea na\u015fte de la o zi la alta, o <em>Declara\u0163ie a Drepturilor Omului \u015fi Cet\u0103\u0163eanului<\/em>,  adoptat\u0103 la 26 august 1789, stabilea principiile pe baza c\u0103rora urma s\u0103  se \u00eenf\u0103ptuiasc\u0103 reconstruc\u0163ia \u0163\u0103rii. Din p\u0103cate, r\u0103u sf\u0103tuit, regele  Ludovic al XVI-lea a refuzat ini\u0163ial s\u0103 accepte at\u00e2t decretele din  noaptea de 4 august, c\u00e2t \u015fi Declara\u0163ia, fiind obligat s\u0103 o fac\u0103, dup\u0103 o  nou\u0103 r\u0103scoal\u0103 a popula\u0163iei pariziene, care l-a dus, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu toat\u0103  familia, la palatul Tuileries din Paris. Legisla\u0163ia feudal\u0103 va fi  \u00eenlocuit\u0103 prin decretarea libert\u0103\u0163ii economice, a desfiin\u0163\u0103rii breslelor  \u015fi v\u0103milor interne, prin reforma impozitelor. Fran\u0163a a fost \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it\u0103  \u00een 83 de departamente formate, la r\u00e2ndul lor din districte, cantoane \u015fi  comune. PRIMA CONSTITU\u0162IE. Anii care au urmat (1789-1791) sunt  caracteriza\u0163i de o situa\u0163ie foarte complex\u0103. \u00cen absen\u0163a partidelor  politice, dou\u0103 grup\u0103ri se arat\u0103 foarte influente: Clubul Iacobinilor  (Societatea Prietenilor Constitu\u0163iei), dominat de Maximilian  Robespierre, \u015fi Clubul Cordelierilor (Societatea amicilor drepturilor  omului \u015fi cet\u0103\u0163eanului), frecventat de Danton, Marat, foarte apreciat de  mica burghezie, meseria\u015fi \u015fi muncitori industriali. La 12 iulie 1790 a  fost adoptat\u0103 Constitu\u0163ia civil\u0103 a clerului, organiz\u00e2nd Biserica ca pe o  institu\u0163ie na\u0163ional\u0103, independent\u0103 de pap\u0103. Nemul\u0163umi\u0163i s-au ar\u0103tat  at\u00e2t Papa Pius VI, c\u00e2t \u015fi regele Ludovic XVI, care a g\u0103sit bun prilej ca  s\u0103 fug\u0103 din Paris, spre a reveni cu trupe ca s\u0103 restabileasc\u0103  absolutismul. La Varennes a fost \u00eens\u0103 recunoscut \u015fi obligat s\u0103 se  \u00eentoarc\u0103 (21 iunie 1791). Noul regim politic \u2013 monarhia constitu\u0163ional\u0103 \u2013  era instituit prin <strong>Constitu\u0163ia promulgat\u0103 la 3 septembrie 1791<\/strong>, din care decurg urm\u0103toarele prerogative ale celor trei puteri: <em>puterea executiv\u0103<\/em>  era exercitat\u0103 de un guvern condus de monarh care avea rol de  prim-ministru (conducea diploma\u0163ia, administra\u0163ia, comanda armata,  percepea impozite, propunea legi, asigura poli\u0163ia); <em>puterea legislativ\u0103<\/em>  o de\u0163inea Adunarea legislativ\u0103, aleas\u0103 pe 2 ani, prin vot cenzitar  (controla guvernul, avea ini\u0163iativa legilor, vota legi, ratifica tratate  \u015fi decreta impozite); <em>puterea judec\u0103toreasc\u0103<\/em> era exercitat\u0103 de  Tribunalele judec\u0103tore\u015fti (pedepsea r\u0103uf\u0103c\u0103torii, arbitra conflictele  dintre cet\u0103\u0163eni, potrivit codurilor \u015fi legilor votate de puterea  legislativ\u0103).La 30 septembrie 1791 s-a \u0163inut ultima \u015fedin\u0163\u0103 a Adun\u0103rii  Constituante, c\u0103ci la 1 octombrie 1791, aceasta se proclam\u0103 Adunare  legislativ\u0103 (1 oct. 1791-20 sept. 1792).<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Criza monarhiei absolutiste franceze a \u00eenceput dup\u0103 1715, anul mor\u0163ii lui Ludovic al XIV-lea. Finan\u0163ele erau sec\u0103tuite de desele r\u0103zboaie, iar popula\u0163ia vl\u0103guit\u0103 \u015fi profund nemul\u0163umit\u0103. Regele Ludovic al XV-lea a antrenat \u0163ara \u00eentr0o serie de r\u0103zboaie inutile av\u00e2nd ca rezultat sc\u0103derea prestigiului Fran\u0163ei \u015fi o criz\u0103 financiar\u0103 care va d\u0103inui p\u00e2n\u0103 la revolu\u0163ie. Politica [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Revolu\u0163ia francez\u0103 de la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul sec. al XVIII-lea. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/03\/01\/revolutia-franceza-de-la-sfarsitul-sec-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Revolu\u0163ia francez\u0103 de la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul sec. al XVIII-lea. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Criza monarhiei absolutiste franceze a \u00eenceput dup\u0103 1715, anul mor\u0163ii lui Ludovic al XIV-lea. Finan\u0163ele erau sec\u0103tuite de desele r\u0103zboaie, iar popula\u0163ia vl\u0103guit\u0103 \u015fi profund nemul\u0163umit\u0103. Regele Ludovic al XV-lea a antrenat \u0163ara \u00eentr0o serie de r\u0103zboaie inutile av\u00e2nd ca rezultat sc\u0103derea prestigiului Fran\u0163ei \u015fi o criz\u0103 financiar\u0103 care va d\u0103inui p\u00e2n\u0103 la revolu\u0163ie. 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Finan\u0163ele erau sec\u0103tuite de desele r\u0103zboaie, iar popula\u0163ia vl\u0103guit\u0103 \u015fi profund nemul\u0163umit\u0103. Regele Ludovic al XV-lea a antrenat \u0163ara \u00eentr0o serie de r\u0103zboaie inutile av\u00e2nd ca rezultat sc\u0103derea prestigiului Fran\u0163ei \u015fi o criz\u0103 financiar\u0103 care va d\u0103inui p\u00e2n\u0103 la revolu\u0163ie. 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