{"id":27435,"date":"2011-03-01T11:41:00","date_gmt":"2011-03-01T11:41:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:46:29","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:46:29","slug":"teorii-contemporane-in-relatiile-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/03\/01\/teorii-contemporane-in-relatiile-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Teorii contemporane \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale, (consructivism feminism, postmodernism)."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Constructivismul<\/strong>(C-\u00een continuare)<strong> <\/strong>sa  conturat \u00een ultimii ani ca una dintre cele mai noi,inovatoare \u015fi des  invocate curente teoretice uzitate p\/t a \u00een\u0163elege RI \u015fi a progresa \u00een  cercetarea lor.C. \u00een RI este cel mai fregvent asociat cu numele lui  Alexander Wentd, autorul care a publicat c\u00eeteva articole de r\u0103sunet \u00een  anii \u201990, printre care celebrul \u201cAnarchy is what States Make of it: The  Social Construction of Power Politics\u201d(1992). Popularitatea C. \u00een  cre\u015ftere se datoreaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 unor elemente contemporane precum  sf\u00eer\u015fitul R\u0103zb. Rece, probleme de identitate formulate pregnant \u00een RI  dup\u0103 1989, dezam\u0103girea multor teoreticieni, confruntan\u0163i cu noile  realit\u0103\u0163i, fa\u0163\u0103 de ideea importan\u0163ei primordiale a factorilor materiali,  a realit\u0103\u0163ii dure \u015fi a chestiunilor de tip <em>hard security<\/em> pe  plan interna\u0163ional.Retrospectiv aspecte ale C. pot fi detectate \u00een  scrierile din anii \u201950 ale lui Karl Deutch \u015fi Ernst Haas, \u00een cartea lui  Peter Berger \u015fi Thomas Luckman<a href=\"\" name=\"more\"><\/a> <em>The Social Construction of Reality,<\/em>  to\u0163i ace\u015fti autori \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u015fesc anumite premise metodologice  constructiviste, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi fost eticheta\u0163i drept constructivi\u015fti \u015fi  grupa\u0163i \u00een aceea\u015fi \u015fcoal\u0103 de g\u00eendire.P\/t constructivism, lumea  interac\u0163iunilor dintre actorii interna\u0163ionali este eminamente un spa\u0163iu  social. SI este o crea\u0163ie social\u0103 \u00een ansamblul s\u0103u, la fel cum  componentele sale definitorii- mai exact, procesele, actorii \u015fi  structurile interne\u0163ionale- sunt produse sociale. Potrivit adep\u0163ilor  constructivismului, lumea social\u0103 se constituie din \u00een\u0163elesuri  intersubiective, cunoa\u015fterea subiectiv\u0103 (de\u0163inut\u0103 de fiecare actor) \u015fi  obiecte materiale, a c\u0103ror existen\u0163\u0103 fizic\u0103 este incontestabil\u0103.O  contribu\u0163ie major\u0103 a C. este (re)descoperirea caracterului de \u201cprodus  social\u201d al lumii interna\u0163ionale.C. nu vine s\u0103 afirme c\u0103 lumea este mai  bun\u0103, mai rea sau fundamental diferit\u0103 dec\u00eet o descriu marxi\u015ftii,  reali\u015ftii sau ideali\u015ftii.El sus\u0163ine c\u0103 resorturile \u00een\u0163elegerii lumii  interna\u0163. sunt altele dec\u00eet cele propuse de paradigmele anterioare, ceea  ce se reflect\u0103 \u00een modalit\u0103\u0163ile prin care poate fi cunoscut\u0103, comunicat\u0103  \u015fi transformat\u0103 ceea ce consider\u0103m \u00eendeob\u015fte a fi \u201crealitatea\u201d  interna\u0163ional\u0103.Este cu siguran\u0163\u0103 o teorie social\u0103 a realit\u0103\u0163ii interna\u0163.  care deschide cu generozitate, calea spre transformarea RI prin  reconstruirea conceptual\u0103 a actorilor, intereselor, identit\u0103\u0163ilor,  structurilor \u015fi sensurilor interac\u0163iunii dintre ele.<strong>Feminismul<\/strong>(F.)  Majoritatea teoriilor politice feministe au dob\u00eendit proiec\u0163ii \u00een  domeniu RI, ca disciplin\u0103, prin dezvoltarea sa impresionant\u0103 din ultimii  ani a consfiin\u0163it progresiv tratarea ei distinct\u0103,av\u00eend mai multe  teorii:<em>F.liberal<\/em>, este primul curent feminist \u00een RI care  descoper\u0103 prezen\u0163a femeiilor \u00een RI \u015fi necesitatea includerii lor mai  largi \u00een categoria factorilor de decizie \u015fi cea a autorilor de studii.<em> F. Marxist<\/em>  se \u00eenscrie \u00een a doua etap\u0103, caracteristica sa fiind, \u00een\u0163elegerea  rela\u0163iilor de gen ca elemente constitutive ale rela\u0163iilr  sociale.Diferen\u0163a de gen nu este o chestiune individual\u0103,a\u015fa cum  rela\u0163iile \u00eentre sexe nu sunt \u00een primul rind o chestiune privat\u0103.Ele sunt  relit\u0103\u0163i sociale,manipulate dea lungul timpului p\/t a servi prin  \u00een\u0163elegerea \u015fi organizarea acestor rela\u0163ii interesele clasei dominante.<em>F.teoriei critice <\/em>este  un current mai recent(anii\u201990), \u00eencorporeaz\u0103 distinc\u0163ia fundamental\u0103  operat\u0103 de Robert Cox \u00eentre teoriile orientatespre rezolvarea  problemelor \u015fi cele critice.Astfel, feminismul teoriei critice nu \u00ee\u015fi  propune cercetarea obiectiv\u0103 a unor aspecte din RI, ci teoretizarea  contestatar\u0103a structurilor hegemonice de cunoa\u015ftere \u015fi de putere  existente,completat\u0103 prin reflec\u0163ia asupra surselor de transformare a  sistemului prin identificarea \u015fi cultivarea for\u0163elor sociale cu  interesele contrahegemonice.<em>F.constructivist <\/em>preia esen\u0163ialul  peste care sau construit rela\u0163iile de gen(  masculine-feminin;ra\u0163ional-ira\u0163ional;ordine-dezordine;\u015f.a.) \u015fi relev\u0103  modul \u00een care cei 2 termeni se construiesc \u015fi se intercondi\u0163ioneaz\u0103  reciproc \u015fi,implicit, genereaz\u0103 ierarhii de valoare, precum \u015fi impactul  lor asupra RI ca practic\u0103 \u015fi domeniu de studio.F. constructivist este  preocupat de construc\u0163ia normelor,institu\u0163iilor, identit\u0103\u0163ilor pe plan  global \u015fi de valorizarea lor genizat\u0103.<em>F.perspectival <\/em>conform  c\u0103reia, identitatea masculin\u0103 constituie una din explica\u0163iile faptului  c\u0103 at\u00eet disciplina c\u00eet \u015fi realitatea interna\u0163.sunt \u00een\u0163elese \u015fi  proiectate conform unei viziuni masculine asupra lumii.Preocup\u0103rile  F.perspectival consta \u00een, despre ceea ce exist\u0103 \u00een RI care se combin\u0103 cu  preocup\u0103rile despre cum putem cunoa\u015fte ceea ce exist\u0103.Se concentreaz\u0103  pe femei, cu valorile lor, existen\u0163a lor \u015fi modul \u00een care ele au existat  dintodeauna \u00een RI,dar indivizibile.Astfel teoriile F. eviden\u0163iaz\u0103  faptul c\u0103 femeiile au existat \u00een RI \u015fi p\u00een\u0103 acum dar rolul lor a fost  ignorat, chestion\u00eend ideea de emancipare a femeilor la scara global\u0103. <strong>Postmodernism<\/strong>(P.)  Reprezentan\u0163ii curentului P., Richard Ashley, Robert Walker \u015f.a.,  sus\u0163in c\u0103 cercet\u0103torii RI sunt mereu \u00een c\u0103utarea unui ideal greu de  sesizat.\u00cen cadrul P.,distinc\u0163ia modern\u0103 dintre teorie \u015fi practic\u0103 este  \u00eenlocuit\u0103 cu termenul de \u201cdiscurs\u201d, care estopeaz\u0103 diferen\u0163a dintre  realitate \u015fi reprezentarea ei textual\u0103. Precum consider\u0103 Alexander  Wendt, obiectivul acestu tip de teoretizare este s\u0103 ne fac\u0103 s\u0103 \u00een\u0163elegem  mai bine politicile mondiale,dar o face indirect,prin concentrarea mai  degrab\u0103 asupra problemelor ontologice legate de ceea ce constituie  \u00eentreb\u0103rile \u015fi r\u0103spunsurile importante \u015fi legitime despre domeniul RI  dec\u0103t asupra structurilor SI \u00eensu\u015fi. R. Ashley este angajat \u00eentrun  proiect de \u201cdeconstruc\u0163ie\u201d a disciplinei expun\u00eend strategiile prin care  discursuri specifice despre putere\/ \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 construiesc ierarhii  conceptuale opuse \u015fi apparent \u00een\u0103bu\u015fe p\u0103rerile diferite. Refuz\u00eend sa se  angajeze \u00eentro analiz\u0103 normativ\u0103, bazat\u0103 pe no\u0163iuni moderne de ra\u0163iune  \u015fi adev\u0103r, curentul P. se limiteaz\u0103 la a lumina latura \u00eentunecat\u0103 a  modernit\u0103\u0163ii.Adep\u0163ii acestui current sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een studio RI se  manifest\u0103 \u201ccu\u015fca de fier\u201d a modernit\u0103\u0163ii, care ne limiteaz\u0103 capacitatea  de a imagina posibilit\u0103\u0163ile politice ale unei schimb\u0103ri radicale.<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Constructivismul(C-\u00een continuare) sa conturat \u00een ultimii ani ca una dintre cele mai noi,inovatoare \u015fi des invocate curente teoretice uzitate p\/t a \u00een\u0163elege RI \u015fi a progresa \u00een cercetarea lor.C. \u00een RI este cel mai fregvent asociat cu numele lui Alexander Wentd, autorul care a publicat c\u00eeteva articole de r\u0103sunet \u00een anii \u201990, printre care celebrul [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - 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