{"id":27405,"date":"2011-03-01T11:55:00","date_gmt":"2011-03-01T11:55:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:46:23","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:46:23","slug":"rolul-actorilor-non-statali-in-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/03\/01\/rolul-actorilor-non-statali-in-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Rolul actorilor non- statali \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div class=\"postBody\" style=\"color: black; text-align: justify;\">Teza  potrivit c\u0103reia statul este unicul actor semnificativ \u00een RI a fost o  constant\u0103 a teoretiz\u0103rilor realiste, mai vechi sau mai noi. De-a lungul  timpului, realismul a fost criticat pentru <em>statocentrismul<\/em> lui. Schimb\u0103rile \u00een cadrul RI au influen\u0163at, desigur, teoretiz\u0103rile asupra actorilor.<br \/>\nSe poate aprecia c\u0103 <strong><em>monopolul<\/em> conferit statului de c\u0103tre reali\u015fti<\/strong> a intrat \u00eentr-o faz\u0103 de <strong>contestare sistematic\u0103, mai ales \u00eencep\u00e2nd din anii 70,<\/strong>  c\u00e2nd evolu\u0163iile la nivel interna\u0163ional au stimulat \u00abdezagregarea\u00bb  statului \u015fi tratarea ca actori autonomi a agen\u0163iilor birocratice  guvernamentale (tip CIA, sau piramida Partidului Comunist), dar mai ales  privilegierea actorilor nestatali, \u00een special a celor transna\u0163ionali.<a href=\"\" name=\"more\"><\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Actor<\/strong><strong><em>=<\/em><\/strong>orice entitate care joac\u0103 un rol identificabil \u00een RI (<em>def<\/em>: Miroiu, Ungureanu). Aceast\u0103 defini\u0163ie permite includerea \u2014 la limit\u0103 \u2014 chiar \u015fi a <strong><em>indivizilor<\/em><\/strong>  \u00een aceast\u0103 categorie. A\u015fadar, al\u0103turi de statul-na\u0163iune \u00een lumea  contemporan\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi fac sim\u0163it\u0103 prezen\u0163a \u015fi al\u0163i actori: organiza\u0163iile  interna\u0163ionale \u2014 (inter)guvernamentale(OIG) \u015fi neguvernamentale(OING) \u2014  \u015fi corpora\u0163iile transna\u0163ionale sunt primele entit\u0103\u0163i care ies \u00een  eviden\u0163\u0103.<br \/>\nPerspectiva se completeaz\u0103 \u015fi prin includerea \u015fi analiza  actorilor \u00abnelegitimi\u00bb, precum mi\u015fc\u0103rile teroriste transna\u0163ionale, alte  grupuri transna\u0163ionale ale crimei organizate. <strong>Actori nestatali<\/strong>  (W.Wallace, D.Josselin)=organiza\u0163ii \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 sau complet autonome  fa\u0163\u0103 de finan\u0163area \u015fi controlul guvernului central, eman\u00e2nd din  societatea civil\u0103, economia de pia\u0163\u0103, sau impulsuri politice care exclud  controlul \u015fi conducerea statal\u0103. Ace\u015fti actori opereaz\u0103 ca re\u0163ele sau  particip\u0103 \u00een re\u0163ele care dep\u0103\u015fesc grani\u0163ele a 2 sau m\/m state \u2014 deci, se  angajeaz\u0103 \u00een rela\u0163ii \u00abtransna\u0163ionale\u00bb, ce leag\u0103 sisteme politice,  economiile, societ\u0103\u0163ile. \u00cen fine, actorii nonstatali ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00een a\u015fa  fel, \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 produc\u0103 consecin\u0163e \u00eentr-unul sau mai multe state sau \u00een  OI.<br \/>\n<strong>OIG<\/strong>=o organiza\u0163ie interna\u0163ional\u0103 din care poate  face parte doar statele, iar autoritatea decizional\u0103 revine  reprezentan\u0163ilor guvernelor statelor membre(ONU, NATO, ICE). Peisajul  institu\u0163ional este destul de divers, a\u015fa cum o ilustreaz\u0103 Uniunea  European\u0103(care a evoluat c\u0103tre un sistem de guvernare tot mai \u00eendep\u0103rtat  de cel al OIG \u015fi mai apropiat de cel etatic\/statal) \u015fi chiar ONU \u2014 \u00een  cadrul c\u0103reia MPs \u00eenving\u0103toare \u00een WW2 este marcat\u0103 prin statutul lor de  membre permanente, cu drept de veto, ale Consiliului de Securitate.<br \/>\n<strong>OING<\/strong>=\u00eentrune\u015fte  entit\u0103\u0163i ce nu fac parte din sistemul guvernamental, provenind din mai  multe state. Ace\u015fti actori pot fi ONG-uri na\u0163ionale (inclusiv <strong>biserici<\/strong>,  sindicate, patronate), companii, partide politice, nu \u00eens\u0103 \u015fi agen\u0163iile  guvernamentale. OIG sunt create pe baza unor tratate interna\u0163ionale de  constituire. Incorporeaz\u0103 neap\u0103rat organe plenare, \u015fi secretariate  (organe cu caracter permanent, \u00een cadrul c\u0103rora activeaz\u0103 func\u0163ionari  interna\u0163ionali).<br \/>\nAvem OI \u2014 interna\u0163ionale\/globale \u015fi OI regionale (ca  acoperire geografic\u0103); OI \u2014 cu scopuri globale \u015fi OI cu scopuri  specifice (conform criteriului scopurilor. \u00cen perioada postbelic\u0103 \u2014 cu  prec\u0103dere dup\u0103 RR \u2014 num\u0103rul OIG a crescut semnificativ, ajung\u00e2nd ast\u0103zi  la <strong>peste 300<\/strong>(Goldstein, 2004). Aten\u0163ia acordat\u0103 <strong>OING<\/strong>  a devenit tot mai pronun\u0163at\u0103 \u00een ultimii ani, pe fonul contur\u0103rii  modelului empirico-normativ al \u00abpoliticii globale\u00bb. Au ap\u0103rut studii ce  scot \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103 semnifica\u0163ia ac\u0163iunii interna\u0163ionale a unor OING precum  <strong>Amnesty International<\/strong>(s-a f\u0103cut sim\u0163it\u0103 \u00een MDA, dup\u0103 7 aprilie curent), Human Rights Watch, <strong>Greenpeace<\/strong>,  Medecins sans Frontieres, transparency International (\u015fi \u00een MDA). \u00cen  aceast\u0103 categorie intr\u0103 structuri ecleziastice precum Biserica Catolic\u0103,  sau funda\u0163iile asociate partidelor politice Americane sau germane (Pro  Marshall Foundation, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, etc). Tot \u00een categoria  OING intr\u0103 <strong>asocia\u0163iile profesionale interna\u0163ionale<\/strong> \u2014 Comitetul Interna\u0163ional Olimpic, sau federa\u0163iile sportive interna\u0163ionale.<strong>Corpora\u0163iile Trans-Na\u0163ionale(CTN<\/strong>)=companii  ce de\u0163in sucursale sau subsidiare \u00een afara \u0163\u0103rii de origine. Alte  defini\u0163ii presupun \u00abdiviziunea interna\u0163ional\u0103 a muncii\u00bb intrafirm\u0103 drept  caracteristic\u0103 definitorie a CTN; altele se str\u0103duie a le diferen\u0163ia de  corpora\u0163iile multina\u0163ionale, care se presupune c\u0103 vor s\u0103 deconcentreze  produc\u0163ia \u00een m\/m \u0163\u0103ri sau regiuni.Ponderea acestora \u00een economia mondial\u0103  este deosebit de mare, iar pt RI devin <strong>instrumentele principale ale procesului de globalizare.<\/strong> [Lista poate fi completat\u0103 cu: <strong><em>grup\u0103rile teroriste<\/em><\/strong> -ETA, IRA, Hesbollah, <strong><em>grupurile criminalit\u0103\u0163ii organizate<\/em><\/strong> \u2014 cartelele de droguri, trafican\u0163ii de persoane, <strong><em>mi\u015fc\u0103rile de gheril\u0103, elib.na\u0163ional\u0103 \u2014<\/em><\/strong> PLO].<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teza potrivit c\u0103reia statul este unicul actor semnificativ \u00een RI a fost o constant\u0103 a teoretiz\u0103rilor realiste, mai vechi sau mai noi. De-a lungul timpului, realismul a fost criticat pentru statocentrismul lui. Schimb\u0103rile \u00een cadrul RI au influen\u0163at, desigur, teoretiz\u0103rile asupra actorilor. Se poate aprecia c\u0103 monopolul conferit statului de c\u0103tre reali\u015fti a intrat \u00eentr-o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Rolul actorilor non- statali \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/03\/01\/rolul-actorilor-non-statali-in-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rolul actorilor non- statali \u00een rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Teza potrivit c\u0103reia statul este unicul actor semnificativ \u00een RI a fost o constant\u0103 a teoretiz\u0103rilor realiste, mai vechi sau mai noi. De-a lungul timpului, realismul a fost criticat pentru statocentrismul lui. Schimb\u0103rile \u00een cadrul RI au influen\u0163at, desigur, teoretiz\u0103rile asupra actorilor. 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