{"id":25569,"date":"2011-04-06T07:18:00","date_gmt":"2011-04-06T07:18:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T09:37:45","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T09:37:45","slug":"ad-xenopol-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/04\/06\/ad-xenopol-2\/","title":{"rendered":"A.D. XENOPOL"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Alexandru D. Xenopol, personalitate proeminent\u0103 a culturii rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, s-a n\u0103scut la 24 martie 1847 \u00een Ia\u015fi. Dup\u0103 absolvirea liceului \u00een ora\u015ful natal, a realizat studii universitare de filozofie, drept \u015fi istorie (1867-1871). Ca urmare, a devenit doctor \u00een drept la Berlin, apoi doctor \u00een filozofie la Giessen, \u00een acela\u015fi an, 1871, fiind puternic influen\u0163at de savan\u0163ii germani.  Re\u00eentors \u00een \u0163ar\u0103, Alexandru D. Xenopol a intrat \u00een magistratur\u0103, fiind, \u00een 1872, prim-procuror al Tribunalului din Ia\u015fi, iar din 1883 s-a integrat, ca profesor, Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Ia\u015fi, av\u00e2nd preocup\u0103ri intelectuale multiple. Istoric, filozof al istoriei, economist, literat, pedagog, jurist, sociolog, profesor, Alexandru D. Xenopol a fost ales \u00een 1893 membru titular al Academiei Rom\u00e2ne. \u00centre 1898-1901 devine rector al Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Ia\u015fi. Ca om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, cu deosebire pentru domeniul istoriei, \u00een 1900 era membru de onoare al Societ\u0103\u0163ii de Arheologie din Bruxelles, urm\u00e2nd acela\u015fi titlu primit de la Societatea Academic\u0103 din Cern\u0103u\u0163i (1901), membru al Institutului Interna\u0163ional de Sociologie (1903), titular al Academiei de \u015etiin\u0163e Morale \u015fi Politice din Paris (1914), vicepre\u015fedinte al Societ\u0103\u0163ii de Sociologie din Paris (1916).<\/span><\/div>\n
            Pentru istoriografia rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, Alexandru D. Xenopol este un adev\u0103rat corifeu al modernismului, plasat, ca temporalitate, \u00eentre Independen\u0163\u0103 \u015fi Marea Unire. \u00cen lucr\u0103rile sale a analizat, pe baza unei ample document\u0103ri, tradi\u0163ionalitatea autohtonilor \u00een contextul antichit\u0103\u0163ilor europene, apoi structurile medievale, evenimentele de seam\u0103 din secolele XVIII-XIX, toate acestea reg\u0103sindu-se \u00een opera sa fundamental\u0103. Primele decenii ale veacului XX, judecate cu maturitatea \u015fi erudi\u0163ia savantului de renume mondial, sunt, de asemenea, reliefate \u00een scrierile sale.<\/span><\/div>\n
            S-a aflat \u00eentotdeauna \u00eentr-un fertil dialog cu \u00eenv\u0103\u0163a\u0163ii renumi\u0163i ai Europei, prin intermediul forurilor \u015ftiin\u0163ifice istorice, care i-au acordat deseori premii de excelen\u0163\u0103, al\u0103turi de Academia Rom\u00e2n\u0103. A murit la 27 februarie 1920 \u00een Bucure\u015fti. <\/span><\/div>\n
            \u00cenc\u0103 din anii de \u00eenceput ai activit\u0103\u0163ii \u015ftiin\u0163ifice, Alexandru D. Xenopol s-a remarcat prin analize istorice, cu valoare incontestabil\u0103, publicate \u00een revista <\/span>Convorbiri literare<\/span>. Dintre acestea se impune scrierea <\/span>Teoria lui R\u00f6esler. Studiu asupra st\u0103ruin\u0163ei rom\u00e2nilor din Dacia Traian\u0103<\/span>, ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een 1884 (300 de pagini). Pe aceea\u015fi tem\u0103 a publicat la Paris, \u00een 1885, lucrarea <\/span>O enigm\u0103 istoric\u0103. Rom\u00e2nii \u00een Evul Mediu.<\/span> Sunt demonstra\u0163ii veridice privind temeinicia, pe baza criticii moderne, a autohtoniei \u015fi continuit\u0103\u0163ii rom\u00e2nilor \u00een spa\u0163iul nostru tradi\u0163ional, carpato-dun\u0103rean. <\/span><\/div>\n
            \u00cen perioada 1888-1893, Alexandru D. Xenopol a tip\u0103rit la Ia\u015fi opera fundamental\u0103: <\/span>Istoria Rom\u00e2nilor din Dacia Traian\u0103<\/span>, av\u00e2nd \u015fase volume \u015fi totaliz\u00e2nd aproape 4000 de pagini. Este prima prezentare sistematizat\u0103, analitic\u0103 \u015fi complex\u0103 a istoriei rom\u00e2nilor, din toate provinciile tradi\u0163ionale, \u00eencep\u00e2nd tratarea problematicii din cele mai vechi timpuri p\u00e2n\u0103 la unirea din anul 1859. <\/span><\/div>\n
            \u00cen scopul finaliz\u0103rii acestei sinteze, autorul a realizat cercet\u0103ri \u00eendelungate \u00een arhive \u015fi biblioteci din \u0163ar\u0103 ori din str\u0103in\u0103tate, public\u00e2nd anticipat diverse studii referitoare mai ales la izvoarele \u015fi institu\u0163iile istorice rom\u00e2ne\u015fti.<\/span><\/div>\n
            \u00cen elabor\u0103rile sale surprinde structurile societ\u0103\u0163ii rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, dinamica evenimentelor, cauzalitatea \u015fi finalitatea acestora. De asemenea, prezint\u0103 aspecte fundamentale proprii vie\u0163ii sociale, economice, politice, administrative, culturale \u015fi religioase, definitorii pentru rom\u00e2ni, urm\u0103re\u015fte evolu\u0163ia activit\u0103\u0163ii umane, produc\u0163iile \u015fi bog\u0103\u0163iile acestui spa\u0163iu geo-istoric, reliefeaz\u0103 categoriile sociale, starea \u015fi evolu\u0163ia \u0163\u0103ranilor, me\u015fte\u015fugarilor, bresla\u015filor, t\u00e2rgove\u0163ilor, or\u0103\u015fenilor sau a marilor proprietari funciari. <\/span><\/div>\n
            Un loc important se acord\u0103 structurilor institu\u0163ionale, proprii statelor rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, cum au fost cele integrate activit\u0103\u0163ilor juridice, financiare, \u015fcolare, cutumiare, militare, intelectuale, face referiri la \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, biseric\u0103, la politica intern\u0103 \u015fi extern\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
            O asemenea vast\u0103 problematic\u0103 este integrat\u0103 analizei de ansamblu asupra spa\u0163iului rom\u00e2nesc, evolu\u0163iei continue \u015fi unitare a acestuia, din antichitate, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een etapa modern\u0103. Cercet\u0103rile \u015fi concluziile sale demonstreaz\u0103 crezul istoricului \u00een adev\u0103rul referitor la \u201eSt\u0103ruin\u0163a ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103 a rom\u00e2nilor \u00een Dacia Traian\u0103\u2026, din trecut s-a dezvoltat prezentul, \u015fi care este direc\u0163iunea ce apar\u0163ine viitorului\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
            Abord\u00e2nd importan\u0163a teoriei \u00een istorie, considerat\u0103 ca una din principalele caracteristici ale acesteia, Alexandru D. Xenopol a insistat asupra perioadei c\u00e2nd a ap\u0103rut ideea unit\u0103\u0163ii na\u0163ionale \u00een con\u015ftiin\u0163a poporului rom\u00e2n. Pornind de la asemenea filozofie, prezint\u0103, \u00een esen\u0163\u0103, factorii favorabili ce au c\u0103l\u0103uzit unitatea genezei rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, travers\u00e2nd vremurile \u015fi ajung\u00e2nd la oportunitatea unit\u0103\u0163ii politice \u00een timpul vie\u0163ii sale. <\/span><\/div>\n
            Viziunea savantului a devenit o realitate incontestabil\u0103, realiz\u00e2ndu-se c\u00e2nd se afla \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een activitate \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103, dorin\u0163ele lui fiind \u00eens\u0103 argumentate prin <\/span>Istoria rom\u00e2nilor din Dacia Traian\u0103<\/span> cu un avans temporal de trei decenii.<\/span><\/div>\n
            \u00cen <\/span>Introducerea<\/span> de la primul volum al sintezei amintite, tip\u0103rit \u00een 1888, preciza printre altele: \u201ePoporul rom\u00e2n nu poate n\u0103bu\u015fi o speran\u0163\u0103 ce \u00eencol\u0163e\u015fte \u00een el, de c\u00e2te ori \u00ee\u015fi arunc\u0103 ochii spre toate acele p\u0103r\u0163i unde r\u0103sun\u0103 graiul rom\u00e2nesc, anume c\u0103 din p\u0103turile ad\u00e2nci ale unui viitor oric\u00e2t de \u00eendep\u0103rtat, va r\u0103s\u0103ri odat\u0103 frumosul arbore al unirii tuturor rom\u00e2nilor; c\u0103 pe c\u00e2t se \u00eentinde graiul lor comun, se vor \u00eenjgheba \u015fi interesele lor comune; c\u0103 grani\u0163ele Statului vor c\u0103dea odat\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu acelea ale na\u0163ionalit\u0103\u0163ii lor\u201d<\/i>.<\/span><\/div>\n
            Opera lui Alexandru D. Xenopol, de\u015fi unitar\u0103 ca sens, se structureaz\u0103 pe c\u00e2teva sec\u0163iuni distincte. Prima dintre acestea constituie marile sinteze, \u00een care cuprindem: <\/span>Istoria rom\u00e2nilor din Dacia Traian\u0103<\/span>, editat\u0103, a\u015fa cum s-a precizat, la Ia\u015fi, \u00eentre 1888-1893, av\u00e2nd: volumul I, 623 de pagini, volumul II, 590 de pagini, volumul III, 680 de pagini, volumul IV, 663 de pagini, volumul V, 770 de pagini \u015fi volumul VI, 668 de pagini, la care sunt ad\u0103ugate un num\u0103r de \u015fapte h\u0103r\u0163i; <\/span>Histoire des Roumains de la Dacie Trajane depuis les origines jusqu\u2019a l\u2019Union des Principaut\u00e9s en 1859<\/span>, ap\u0103rut\u0103 la Paris \u00een 1896, dou\u0103 volume, \u00eensum\u00e2nd 1132 de pagini \u015fi trei h\u0103r\u0163i, cu o prefa\u0163\u0103 a intelectualului liberal Alfred Rambaud (1842-1905), cel ce a coordonat elaborarea lucr\u0103rii <\/span>Istoria general\u0103 din secolul IV p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre<\/span>, 12 volume, la care a colaborat inclusiv Alexandru D. Xenopol; <\/span>Istoria rom\u00e2nilor din Dacia Traian\u0103<\/span>, editat\u0103 la Ia\u015fi \u00eentre 1896-1912, \u00een 13 volume, \u015fi <\/span>Les Roumains \u2013 Historie, Etat mat\u00e9riel et intellectuel<\/span>, publicat\u0103 la Paris.<\/span><\/div>\n
            Cea de a doua sec\u0163iune a operei lui Alexandru D. Xenopol reprezint\u0103 subiectele ce abordeaz\u0103 filozofia istoriei. Printre acestea \u00eenscriem: <\/span>Les principes fundamentaux de l\u2019histoire<\/span>, lucrare ap\u0103rut\u0103 la Paris \u00een 1899; <\/span>Principiile fundamentale ale istoriei<\/span>, volum editat la Ia\u015fi \u00een 1900 \u015fi <\/span>La th\u0117orie de l\u2019histoire<\/span>, carte publicat\u0103 la Paris \u00een 1908, la care se adaug\u0103 <\/span>Studii economice<\/span>, culegere tip\u0103rit\u0103 la Ia\u015fi \u00een 1879.<\/span><\/div>\n
            Sec\u0163iunea a treia din discursul istoriografic al lui Alexandru D. Xenopol are tent\u0103 polemic\u0103 \u015fi documentar\u0103. Aici se pot \u00eencadra: <\/span>Teoria lui R\u00f6esler. Studii asupra st\u0103ruin\u0163ei rom\u00e2nilor \u00een Dacia Traian\u0103<\/span>, Ia\u015fi, 1884, ca replic\u0103 la lucrarea <\/span>Rom\u00e4nische Studien<\/span>, elaborat\u0103 de istoricul german Robert R\u00f6esler (1840-1881), ap\u0103rut\u0103 la Viena \u00een 1871; <\/span>Une<\/span> <\/span>\u00e9nigme<\/span> <\/span>historique. Les Roumains<\/span> <\/span>au moyen \u00e2ge<\/span>, Paris, 1885; <\/span>Etudes historique sur le peuple roumain<\/span>, Iassy, 1887; <\/span>Rom\u00e2nii \u015fi Austro-Ungaria<\/span>, Ia\u015fi, 1914, precum \u015fi numeroasele articole sau lu\u0103ri de pozi\u0163ie \u00een reuniuni \u015ftiin\u0163ifice na\u0163ionale ori interna\u0163ionale pe aceea\u015fi tem\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
            Exist\u0103, de asemenea, cea de a patra sec\u0163iune a scrierilor lui Alexandru D. Xenopol, cuprinz\u00e2nd o tematic\u0103 diversificat\u0103, referitoare, de exemplu, la domniile lui: \u015etefan cel Mare (1871), Constantin Br\u00e2ncoveanu \u015fi Dimitrie Cantemir (1886), Scarlat Callimachi (1897), Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1903) sau despre Nicolae Kretzulescu (1915); amplele referiri la confrunt\u0103rile militare dintre ru\u015fi \u015fi turci, prezent\u00e2ndu-se urm\u0103rile acestora pentru \u0162\u0103rile Rom\u00e2ne (1880); luptele politice interne \u00eentre Dr\u0103cule\u015fti \u015fi D\u0103ne\u015fti (1907), sau <\/span>Istoria partidelor politice \u00een Rom\u00e2nia<\/span> (1910).<\/span><\/div>\n
            Asemenea lucr\u0103ri au cunoscut ulterior mai multe edi\u0163ii, bibliografii adnotate, interpret\u0103ri filozofice \u015fi istoriografice, iar \u00een 1972 a ap\u0103rut volumul <\/span>Alexandru D. Xenopol. Studii privitoare la via\u0163a \u015fi opera sa<\/span>, care a fost coordonat de Leonid Boicu \u015fi Alexandru Zub. <\/span><\/div>\n
            Totodat\u0103, \u00een cadrul Institutului de Istorie din Ia\u015fi al Academiei Rom\u00e2ne, care poart\u0103 numele marelui \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at, spiritul \u015fi faptele sale sunt permanent pilduitoare pentru genera\u0163iile actuale de cercet\u0103tori.<\/span><\/div>\n
            Asiduitatea lui Alexandru D. Xenopol de a explicita evenimentele istorice, investig\u00e2nd noi modalit\u0103\u0163i care s\u0103 structureze istoria \u015fi filozofia istoriei, \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 printre cei mai importan\u0163i g\u00e2nditori europeni ai perioadei respective.<\/span><\/div>\n
            Original\u0103 este teoria \u201escrierilor istorice\u201d, <\/i>argumentat\u0103 \u00een lucr\u0103rile amintite mai sus <\/span>Les principes fundamentaux de l\u2019histoire<\/span>, publicat\u0103 la Paris \u00een 1899, \u015fi <\/span>La th\u0117orie de l\u2019histoire<\/span>, ap\u0103rut\u0103 tot \u00een Capitala Fran\u0163ei, \u00een 1908.<\/span><\/div>\n
Conform acestei teorii, faptele istorice decurg unele din altele \u015fi, prin leg\u0103turile cauzale dintre ele, se \u00eenl\u0103n\u0163uie \u00een \u201eserii istorice\u201d<\/i>, ceea ce constituie esen\u0163a con\u0163inutului \u015fi derul\u0103rii existen\u0163ei umanit\u0103\u0163ii. Ca modalitate concret\u0103, Alexandru D. Xenopol aduce \u00een prim-plan evolu\u0163ia poporului rom\u00e2n cu domenii esen\u0163iale pentru o na\u0163iune: etnogeneza, stabilitatea, unitatea, institu\u0163ionalitatea, demografia, economia, via\u0163a politic\u0103, \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103, religioas\u0103 \u015fi rela\u0163iile interna\u0163ionale.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen elaborarea concep\u0163iei sale asupra istoriei, Xenopol pleac\u0103 de la distinc\u0163ia dintre faptele coexistente, care se raporteaz\u0103 la spa\u0163iu \u015fi faptele de succesiune, care se dezvolt\u0103 \u00een timp, distinc\u0163ie pe care el o considera piatra unghiular\u0103 a teoriei <\/i>sale. Faptele coexistente se repet\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a se schimba \u015fi constituie obiectul de studiu al \u015ftiin\u0163elor teoretice, iar faptele de succesiune se schimb\u0103 permanent, dar nu se repet\u0103 \u015fi ele dau specificul \u015ftiin\u0163elor istorice. \u00cen cazul faptelor de coexisten\u0163\u0103, scurgerea timpului nu modific\u0103 fenomenele, \u00een vreme ce \u00een faptele de succesiune timpul intervine ca un element modificator esen\u0163ial. De\u015fi distinc\u0163ia amintit\u0103 determin\u0103 deosebirea dintre \u015ftiin\u0163ele teoretice \u015fi cele istorice, \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 genuri de fapte nu exist\u0103, dup\u0103 Xenopol, un zid desp\u0103r\u0163itor. Faptele de coexisten\u0163\u0103 repet\u00e2ndu\u2011se, se pot transforma p\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103 \u00een fapte de succesiune, precum rev\u0103rs\u0103rile reluate ale unui fluviu dau na\u015ftere \u00een final deltei sale, care\u2011i o nou\u0103 forma\u0163iune geologic\u0103 \u015fi geografic\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
A.D. Xenopol socote\u015fte c\u0103 \u015ftiin\u0163ele istorice se refer\u0103 \u015fi la fenomene materiale \u015fi la cele spirituale. Vorbind de istorie, el nu o consider\u0103 o \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 particular\u0103 oarecare, precum fizica sau chimia sau psihologia, ci un mod de concep\u0163ie a lumei, modul succesiv, \u00een opozi\u0163ie cu modul coexistent<\/i>. Istoria se \u00eendeletnice\u015fte astfel cu fenomenele care sunt ceea ce sunt prin cursul timpului<\/i> \u015fi acestea se refer\u0103 \u015fi la societate \u015fi la natur\u0103 \u015fi la spirit \u015fi la lumea material\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Lucrarea <\/span>Les principes fundamentaux de l\u2019histoire<\/span> s\u2011a bucurat de o c\u0103lduroas\u0103 primire \u00een multe \u0163\u0103ri europene unde erau \u00een curs acute dezbateri a problematicilor de filosofie a istoriei. Neokantienii Rickert \u015fi Windelband vedeau \u00een filosofia istoriei un teren de revigorare a filosofiei \u00een genere, iar Dilthey considera \u015fi el c\u0103 \u00eentemeierea ra\u0163iunii istorice este o cale de rezolvare a crizei \u00een care intrase filosofia. \u00cen raport cu al\u0163i filosofi ai istoriei din acea vreme, Xenopol avea marele avantaj c\u0103 opera sa \u00een acest domeniu venea din partea unui mare \u015fi recunoscut istoric pe plan na\u0163ional, cunoscut apoi \u015fi \u00een Europa prin traducerile scrierilor sale istorice, ca \u015fi prin studiile publicate \u00een reviste str\u0103ine de specialitate. A\u015fa se explic\u0103 \u015fi ecoul lucr\u0103rii lui Xenopol de teoria istoriei, precum \u015fi prestigiul statornic de care s\u2011a bucurat de atunci \u00eencoace savantul rom\u00e2n.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Alexandru D. Xenopol, personalitate proeminent\u0103 a culturii rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, s-a n\u0103scut la 24 martie 1847 \u00een Ia\u015fi. Dup\u0103 absolvirea liceului \u00een ora\u015ful natal, a realizat studii universitare de filozofie, drept \u015fi istorie (1867-1871). Ca urmare, a devenit doctor \u00een drept la Berlin, apoi doctor \u00een filozofie la Giessen, \u00een acela\u015fi an, 1871, fiind puternic influen\u0163at de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nA.D. 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Ca urmare, a devenit doctor \u00een drept la Berlin, apoi doctor \u00een filozofie la Giessen, \u00een acela\u015fi an, 1871, fiind puternic influen\u0163at de […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/04\/06\/ad-xenopol-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-04-06T07:18:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-25T09:37:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"eurointern\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"eurointern\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/04\/06\/ad-xenopol-2\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2011\/04\/06\/ad-xenopol-2\/\",\"name\":\"A.D. 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