{"id":14514,"date":"2018-02-13T03:38:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-13T03:38:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T02:42:46","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T02:42:46","slug":"mostenirea-caracterelor-in-cazul","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/13\/mostenirea-caracterelor-in-cazul\/","title":{"rendered":"Mo\u015ftenirea caracterelor \u00een cazul interac\u0163iunii genelor"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Teza c\u0103 o gen\u0103 determin\u0103 un singur caracter \u015fi un num\u0103r relativ mic de gene din fiecare cromozom nu poate s\u0103 explice marea diversitate de caractere care se mo\u015ftenesc ereditar. \u00cen acela\u015fi timp este bine cunoscut faptul c\u0103 genotipul fiec\u0103rui organism reprezint\u0103 un sistem complex. Genele interac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00eentre ele, fapt determinat de organizarea genomic\u0103 a materialului ereditar.
Se deosebesc dou\u0103 tipuri principale de interac\u0163iune a genelor: interac\u0163iunea genelor alele \u015fi interac\u0163iunea genelor nealele.1. Interac\u0163iunea genelor alele.S\u0103 ne amintim c\u0103 se numesc alele acele gene care ocup\u0103 aceia\u015fi loci (locusuri) \u00een cromozom. Se disting urm\u0103toarele variet\u0103\u0163i de interac\u0163iune a genelor alele:a) domina\u0163ia complet\u0103;
b) domina\u0163ia incomplet\u0103;
c) letalitatea;
d) codominarea;
e) alelism multiplu. a) Domina\u0163ia complet\u0103.\u00cen cazul domina\u0163iei complete o gen\u0103 domin\u0103 complet o alt\u0103 gen\u0103. \u00cen acest\u0103 situa\u0163ie sunt valabile legile lui G.Mendel, iar homozigo\u0163ii \u015fi heterozigo\u0163ii nu se disting fenotipic. Drept exemplu de domina\u0163ie complet\u0103 poate servi mo\u015ftenirea culorii galbene \u015fi verzi a bobului de maz\u0103re (gena culorii galbene domin\u0103 gena culorii verzi), mo\u015ftenirea culorii ochilor la om (gena culorii ochilor c\u0103prui domin\u0103 gena culorii ochilor alba\u015ftri) etc.b) Domina\u0163ia incomplet\u0103.Dominan\u0163a incomplet\u0103 este un fenomen de interac\u0163iune dintre genele alele, care determin\u0103 la formele heterozigote (Aa), apari\u0163ia unui fenotip intermediar al formelor homozigote parentale (AA, aa). Acest fenomen vine \u00een concordan\u0163\u0103 cu legile lui G.Mendel \u015fi a fost descris chiar de C.Correns la planta \u201cbarba \u00eemp\u0103ratului\u201d (Mirabilis jalapa). La \u00eencruci\u015farea plantelor cu flori ro\u015fii (AA) \u015fi a plantelor cu flori albe (aa), \u00een prima genera\u0163ie (F1) to\u0163i heterozigo\u0163ii (Aa) aveau plante cu flori roze. La \u00eencruci\u015farea hibrizilor F1 (Aa) \u00eentre ei, \u00een genera\u0163ia a doua s-a ob\u0163inut o descenden\u0163\u0103 alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din circa 25% de plante cu flori ro\u015fii, 50% de plante cu flori roze \u015fi 25% de plante cu flori albe (fig.1).\u00cen cazul domina\u0163iei incomplete raportul de segregare fenotipic\u0103 coincide cu raportul de segregare genotipic\u0103: 1AA : 2Aa : 1aa.Fenomene similare de mo\u015ftenire a caracterelor au fost descoperite \u015fi la alte organisme, inclusiv la plante (culoarea boabelor de porumb, culoarea florilor de gura-leului etc.) \u015fi la animale (culoarea penajului g\u0103inilor de Andaluzia, tipul p\u0103rului la om etc.).
Fig.1 Segregarea \u00een cazul domina\u0163iei incomplete \u00een baza
variet\u0103\u0163ilor de Mirabilis jalapa (barba \u00eemp\u0103ratului). c) Letalitatea.Raportule de segregare mendeliene sunt condi\u0163ionate de faptul dac\u0103 game\u0163ii care poart\u0103 alelele unei gene se unesc \u00eentre ei randomizat \u015fi dac\u0103 game\u0163ii \u015fi zigo\u0163ii sunt \u00een egal\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103 de viabili \u015fi viguro\u015fi. Letalitatea condi\u0163ioneaz\u0103 abaterea de la segregarea clasic\u0103 mendelian\u0103. Ea reprezint\u0103 moartea zigotului sau a unor organisme \u00een diferite etape din dezvoltarea lor, \u00eenainte de a ajunge la v\u00e2rsta reproducerii.Fenomenul de letalitate este provocat de ac\u0163iunea unor gene care se \u00eempart \u00een mod conven\u0163ional \u00een:\u00b7 gene letale (cauzeaz\u0103 o mortalitate de peste 90%); \u00b7 gene semiletale (cauzeaz\u0103 o mortalitate \u00eentre 50% \u015fi 90%); \u00b7 gene subvitale (au o letalitate \u00eentre 10% \u015fi 50%); \u00b7 gene cvasinormale (au o letalitate sub 10%).De regul\u0103, genele letale cauzeaz\u0103 moartea organismului \u00een primele stadii de dezvoltare. Celelalte grade de letalitate sunt determinate de natura genomului, interac\u0163iunea dintre gene, condi\u0163iile mediului.Genele care provoac\u0103 fenomenul de letalitate pot fi dominante sau recesive, \u00een stare homozigot\u0103 sau heterozigot\u0103.Letalitatea determinat\u0103 de gene homozigot dominante a fost descris\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een anul 1905 de c\u0103tre L.Cu\u00e9not. La \u00eencruci\u015farea \u015foarecilor de culoare galben\u0103 \u00een F1 a rezultat o segregare dup\u0103 culoare, de 2:1 (\u00een loc de cea teoretic\u0103 a\u015fteptat\u0103 de 3:1). 2\/3 din descenden\u0163i aveau culoarea galben\u0103, iar 1\/3 \u2013 culoarea neagr\u0103 (fig.2).Acest raport conduce spre concluzia c\u0103 25% din descenden\u0163\u0103 de culoare galben\u0103 au decedat p\u00e2n\u0103 la na\u015ftere, fapt ce s-a confirmat mai apoi \u00een urma disec\u0163iilor f\u0103cute la femelele gravide de \u015foareci galbeni. Din embrionii forma\u0163i, 1\/4 (cu genotipul GG) se opre\u015fte din dezvoltare \u015fi se resoarbe, \u00een timp ce restul embrionilor se dezvolt\u0103 normal gener\u00e2nd pui viabili.Fenomenul de letalitate complet\u0103 s-a constatat \u015fi la alte animale: vulpile platinate, oile Karakul cu blan\u0103 brum\u0103rie, crapii oglind\u0103 etc.
Fig. 2. Letalitatea determinat\u0103 de gene homozigote dominante la
\u00eencruci\u015farea \u00eentre \u015foareci de culoare galben\u0103.
Letalitatea determinat\u0103 de gene homozigot recesive a fost semnalat\u0103 de E.Baur \u00een 1930 la Antirrhinum majus. \u00cen cadrul acestei specii de plant\u0103 cu frunze verzi exist\u0103 o varietate \u201caurea\u201d cu frunze de culoare verde-g\u0103lbuie.La \u00eencruci\u015farea unor plante \u201caurea\u201d \u00een F1, s-au ob\u0163inut trei tipuri de plante: aurea, de culoare verde \u015fi de culoare galben\u0103 (fig.3).
Fig.3. Letalitatea determinat\u0103 de gene recesive homozigote la
\u00eencruci\u015farea Antirrhinum majus var. aurea Plantele cu frunzele de o culoare galben\u0103 (aa) pier \u00een primele faze ale vie\u0163ii, dup\u0103 epuizarea substan\u0163elor de rezerv\u0103 din semin\u0163e.Letalitatea poate fi determinat\u0103 \u015fi de gene \u00een stare heterozigot\u0103. De exemplu, gena Epiloia la om, \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 doz\u0103, determin\u0103 cre\u015fterea anormal\u0103 a pielii, multe afec\u0163iuni mintale \u015fi tumori, astfel c\u0103 organismul heterozigot pentru aceast\u0103 gen\u0103 moare foarte t\u00e2n\u0103r.De men\u0163ionat c\u0103 letalitatea poate fi influen\u0163at\u0103 \u015fi de condi\u0163iile de mediu (raze ionizate, temperatura etc.).d) Codominarea.\u00cen cazul codomin\u0103rii, genele unei perechi alele au o valoare semnificativ\u0103.O gen\u0103 nu suprim\u0103 ac\u0163iunea altei gene, iar dac\u0103 ambele sunt prezente \u00een genotip, atunci ambele se exprim\u0103 fenotipic.Drept exemplu tipic de codominare, poate servi mo\u015ftenirea grupelor sanguine \u00een cadrul sistemelor ABO \u015fi MN.Cele patru grupe sanguine, \u00een sistemul ABO, sunt determinate de prezen\u0163a a trei alele a unei gene, \u015fi anume: IO, IA, IB. \u00cen acest caz, grupa I(O) sanguin\u0103 este determinat\u0103 de gena recesiv\u0103 IO(IOIO), grupa II (A) \u2013 de gena IA(IAIA sau IAIO), grupa III (B) \u2013 de gena IB(IBIB sau IBIO), iar grupa IV (AB) \u2013 de genele IA \u015fi IB (IAIB).Gena recesiv\u0103 IO nu determin\u0103 sinteza proteinelor specifice (antigenelor) \u00een eritrocite. Gena IA este dominant\u0103 \u00een raport de IO \u015fi determin\u0103 sinteza \u00een eritrocite a antigenei A. Gena IB domin\u0103 asupra genei IO \u015fi determin\u0103 sinteza \u00een eritrocite a antigenei B. Prezen\u0163a \u00een acela\u015fi genotip a genelor IA \u015fi IB determin\u0103 existen\u0163a ambelor antigene A \u015fi B. \u00cen acest caz genele IA \u015fi IB nu se suprim\u0103 reciproc, ci sunt egale sau codominante.Evident, mo\u015ftenirea grupelor sanguine nu se supune legilor mendeliene. De exemplu, la c\u0103s\u0103toria unei femei cu grupa I (O) sanguin\u0103 cu un b\u0103rbat cu grupa IV (AB) sanguin\u0103, copiii vor avea fie grupa II (A), fie grupa III (B) sanguin\u0103.P [Image]IO IO x [Image]IA IB
F1 [Image] IA IB IO I IO
II IB IO
III Codominarea are loc \u015fi \u00een cazul mo\u015ftenirii grupelor sanguine \u00een sistemul MN. Acest sistem este determinat de prezen\u0163a a dou\u0103 alele LM \u015fi LN. Gena LM determin\u0103 prezen\u0163a \u00een eritrocitele umane a antigenei M (grupa sanguin\u0103 M), iar gena LN \u2013 a antigenei N (grupa sanguin\u0103 N). Prezen\u0163a ambelor gene \u00een genotip determin\u0103 grupa sanguin\u0103 MN (eritrocitele con\u0163in ambele antigene M \u015fi N).e) Alelism multiplu.Multiple se numesc acele alele care sunt prezente \u00een popula\u0163ii \u00een mai mult de dou\u0103 forme. Ele apar \u00een urma muta\u0163iilor multiple ale unui anumit locus al cromozomului. \u00cen acest caz, de r\u00e2nd cu genele dominante \u015fi recesive, mai apar \u015fi o serie de alele intermediare, care se comport\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de gena dominant\u0103 ca gen\u0103 recesiv\u0103, iar fa\u0163\u0103 de gena recesiv\u0103 ca gen\u0103 dominant\u0103. Drept exemplu de alelism multiplu poate servi o anumit\u0103 form\u0103 de mo\u015ftenire a culorii bl\u0103nii la iepuri.La iepuri, culoarea complet neagr\u0103 a bl\u0103nii este determinat\u0103 de gena dominant\u0103 A, iar culoarea alb\u0103 este caracteristic\u0103 homozigo\u0163ilor recesivi (aa). Culoarea sur\u0103 (\u201c\u015fensila\u201d) este caracteristic\u0103 homozigo\u0163ilor dup\u0103 gena ach , iar culoarea de himalaia (culoare alb\u0103 a bl\u0103nii, iar marginile urechilor, labelor, a cozii \u015fi a nasului sunt negre) \u2013 homozigo\u0163ilor dup\u0103 gena ah.\u00cen acest caz, gena A domin\u0103 celelalte gene (ach, ah \u015fi a), gena ach domina genele ah \u015fi a, dar este recesiv\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de gena A, iar gena ah domin\u0103 gena a \u015fi este recesiv\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de genele A \u015fi ach. (A>ach>ah>a).2. Interac\u0163iunea genelor nealele.Gene nealele se numesc acele gene care ocup\u0103 diferi\u0163i loci \u00een cromozom. Se disting urm\u0103toarele tipuri principale de interac\u0163iune a genelor nealele:a. complimentaria; b. epistazia; c. polimeria. a) Complimentaria.\u00cen cazul complimentariei, prezen\u0163a \u00eentr-un genotip a dou\u0103 gene dominante (recesive) nealele determin\u0103 apari\u0163ia unui nou caracter. Ca rezultat, pot fi ob\u0163inute noi abateri de la legile mendeliene.1. segregarea 9:3:3:1 (mo\u015ftenirea culorii penajului la papagali).La papagali, culoarea penajului este determinat\u0103 de dou\u0103 gene nealele: A, ce determin\u0103 prezen\u0163a pigmentului galben \u015fi B, ce determin\u0103 prezen\u0163a pigmentului albastru. La \u00eencruci\u015farea papagalilor de culoare galben\u0103 cu cei de culoare albastr\u0103 toat\u0103 descenden\u0163a va avea penajul de culoare verde. \u00cen schimb, la \u00eencruci\u015farea papagalilor de culoare verde \u00eentre ei \u00een descenden\u0163\u0103 se va ob\u0163ine o segregare dup\u0103 culoare de 9:3:3:1 (fig.4). P [Image]AAbb
papagali
galbeni x [Image]aaBB
papagali
alba\u015ftri F1 AaBb
papagali
verzi [Image] AB Ab aB ab AB AABB
verzi AABb
verzi AaBB
verzi AaBb
verzi Ab AABb
verzi AAbb
galbeni AaBb
verzi Aabb
galbeni aB AaBB
verzi AaBb
verzi aaBB
alba\u015ftri aaBb
alba\u015ftri ab AaBb
verzi Aabb
galbeni aaBb
alba\u015ftri aabb
albi Fig.4 Diagrama segreg\u0103rii \u00een cazul complimentariei la \u00eencruci\u015farea
a dou\u0103 rase de papagali. 2. segregarea 9:7 (mo\u015ftenirea culorii boabelor de porumb).La \u00eencruci\u015farea a dou\u0103 soiuri de porumb, ambele cu boabe necolorate, dar cu genotipuri diferite (aaCCRR \u015fi AAccRR) \u00een F1, se ob\u0163ine o form\u0103 nou\u0103 cu boabe colorate (AaCcRR). \u00cen F2 apar dou\u0103 grupe fenotipice \u00een raport de 9:7 (fig.5). P Fenotip:
Genotip: necolorat
aaCCRR x necolorat
AAccRR F1 Fenotip:
Genotip: colorat
AaCcRR Game\u0163ii [Image] ACR AcR aCR acR ACR AACCRR
colorat AACcRR
colorat AaCCRR
colorat AaCcRR
colorat AcR AACcRR
colorat AAccRR
necolorat AaCcRR
colorat AaccRR
necolorat aCR AaCCRR
colorat AaCcRR
colorat aaCCRR
necolorat aaCcRR
necolorat acR AaCcRR
colorat AaccRR
necolorat aaCcRR
necolorat aaccRR
necolorat F2 Fig. 5. Mo\u015ftenirea culorii boabelor la porumb. Apari\u0163ia \u00een F1 \u015fi F2 a unui caracter nou (boabe colorate) este determinat\u0103 de prezen\u0163a concomitent\u0103 a dou\u0103 gene nealele complimentare A \u015fi C, care numai \u00eempreun\u0103 pot determina apari\u0163ia culorii aleuronei.3. segregarea 9:3:4 (mo\u015ftenirea culorii bl\u0103nii la iepuri).La iepuri, culoarea bl\u0103nii poate fi determinat\u0103 de dou\u0103 gene nealele complimentare (C \u015fi D). Gena C determin\u0103 prezen\u0163a pigmentului \u015fi respectiv culoarea bl\u0103nii (fie neagr\u0103, fie sur\u0103). Gena D determin\u0103 repartizarea uniform\u0103 a pigmentului pe lungimea firului de p\u0103r (culoarea sur\u0103), iar gena d \u2013 repartizarea neuniform\u0103 a pigmentului la baza firului de p\u0103r (culoarea neagr\u0103).La \u00eencruci\u015farea unei iepuroaice albe (ccDD) cu un iepure negru (CCdd) \u00een F1, descenden\u0163a avea culoare sur\u0103 (CcDd), iar \u00een F2 se ob\u0163ine o segregare dup\u0103 culoarea bl\u0103nii \u00een raport de 9:3:4 (fig.6). P [Image]ccDD
iepuroaic\u0103
alb\u0103 x [Image]CCdd
iepure
negru F1 CcDd
iepuri
suri [Image] CD Cd cD cd CD CCDD
suri CCDd
suri CcDD
suri CcDd
suri Cd CCDd
suri CCdd
negri CcDd
suri Ccdd
negri cD CcDD
suri CcDd
suri ccDD
albi ccDd
albi cd CcDd
suri Ccdd
negri ccDd
albi ccdd
albi Fig.6 Diagrama segreg\u0103rii \u00een cazul complimentariei
la \u00eencruci\u015farea a dou\u0103 rase de iepuri. b) Epistazia.Epistazia reprezint\u0103 un asemenea tip de interac\u0163iune a genelor nealele, c\u00e2nd o gen\u0103 suprim\u0103 expresia altei gene. Epistazia poate fi determinat\u0103 de gene dominante (epistazie dominant\u0103) sau gene recesive (epistazie recesiv\u0103).1. epistazia dominant\u0103.Ac\u0163iunea epistatic\u0103 a unei gene dominante nealele a fost semnalat\u0103 de H.Nilsson-Ehle \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een 1909-1911. La \u00eencruci\u015farea plantelor de Avena fatua cu boabe negre cu Avena sativa cu boabe albe s-a ob\u0163inut o descenden\u0163\u0103 cu boabe negre (fig.7).
Fig. 7. Ac\u0163iunea epistatic\u0103 a unei gene dominante nealele la \u00eencruci\u015farea \u00eentre
Avena fatua (boabe negre) \u00d7 A.sativa (boabe albe). Plantele dezvoltate din aceste boabe au produs la r\u00e2ndul lor \u00een F2 boabe \u00een raport de 12 negre : 3 gri : 1 alb.Gena N determin\u0103 culoarea neagr\u0103, iar gena G \u2013 culoare gri, ambele gene recesive \u2013 culoarea alb\u0103. \u00cen acest caz, gena G determin\u0103 culoarea gri numai \u00een absen\u0163a genei N.Mo\u015ftenirea complimentar\u0103 este proprie \u015fi unor caractere umane.Pentru dezvoltarea normal\u0103 a auzului la om, sunt necesare dou\u0103 gene nealele. O gen\u0103 (de exemplu A) determin\u0103 dezvoltarea normal\u0103 a melcului, iar alt\u0103 gen\u0103 (de exemplu B) \u2013 dezvoltarea normal\u0103 a nervului auditiv. La homozigo\u0163ii recesivi (aa) nu se va dezvolta melcul, iar la cei cu genotipul bb \u2013 nervul optic. Astfel, oamenii cu genotipurile A-bb, aaB- \u015fi aabb vor fi surzi.Dou\u0103 gene nealele complimentare determin\u0103 sinteza interferonului la om. O gen\u0103 este localizat\u0103 \u00een cromozomul 2, iar alt\u0103 gen\u0103 \u2013 \u00een cromozomul 5.Sinteza hemoglobinei umane este determinat\u0103 de prezen\u0163a a patru gene nealele complimentare. Fiecare gen\u0103 determin\u0103 sinteza unei catene polipeptidice a hemoglobinei.Epistazia dominant\u0103 poate fi \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 \u015fi la p\u0103s\u0103ri, spre exemplu, la rasele de g\u0103ini albe Leghorn \u015fi Wyandotte (fig.8).
Fig. 8. Diagrama segreg\u0103rii \u00een cazul epistaziei de domina\u0163ie la \u00eencruci\u015farea
a dou\u0103 rase de g\u0103ini: Leghorn alb \u00d7 Wyandotte alb. Gena C determin\u0103 prezen\u0163a culorii penajului g\u0103inii (negru sau altfel colorat), iar gena recesiv\u0103 c \u2013 culoarea alb\u0103. \u00cens\u0103 expresia culorii este determinat\u0103 de o alt\u0103 gen\u0103 nealel\u0103 I, care inhib\u0103 ac\u0163iunea genei C. \u00cen acest caz, \u00een F2 se va ob\u0163ine o segregare dup\u0103 fenotip de 13:3 (13\/16 din pui vor fi albi \u015fi 3\/16 din pui vor fi colora\u0163i).2. epistazia recesiv\u0103.Acest fenotip poate fi observat la mo\u015ftenirea culorii p\u0103rului la \u015foareci. La \u00eencruci\u015farea a dou\u0103 rase: una de culoare neagr\u0103 (AAcc) \u015fi alta de culoare alb\u0103 (aaCC), \u00een F1 to\u0163i indivizii au fost de culoare cenu\u015fie (AaCc), culoare caracteristic\u0103 tipului s\u0103lbatic. C\u00e2nd indivizii din F1 au fost \u00eencruci\u015fa\u0163i \u00eentre ei, au rezultat \u00een F2 trei fenotipuri \u00een raport de 9\/16 indivizi de culoare cenu\u015fie: 3\/16 indivizi de culoare neagr\u0103 \u015fi 4\/16 indivizi de culoare alb\u0103 (fig.9).
Fig. 9. Segregarea caracterelor \u00een cazul epistaziei de recesivitate
la \u00eencruci\u015farea a dou\u0103 rase de \u015foareci. Rezultatele se datoreaz\u0103 faptului c\u0103 gena recesiv\u0103 aa \u00een stare homozigot\u0103 este epistatic\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de gena C.c) PolimeriaPolimeria sau poligenia reprezint\u0103 fenomenul c\u00e2nd un caracter cantitativ sau o \u00eensu\u015fire calitativ\u0103 este determinat\u0103 ereditar de mai multe gene nealele cu ac\u0163iune asem\u0103n\u0103toare \u015fi simultan\u0103. Aceste gene se numesc polimere sau poligene \u015fi, de regul\u0103, se noteaz\u0103 cu aceea\u015fi liter\u0103.Polimeria poate fi:1. comulativ\u0103 \u2013 c\u00e2nd intensitatea fenotipului depinde de num\u0103rul de poligene dominante; 2. necomulativ\u0103 \u2013 c\u00e2nd intensitatea fenotipului nu depinde de num\u0103rul de poligene dominante. \u00cen ambele aceste cazuri, segregarea \u00een F2 are loc \u00een raport de 15:1 (dac\u0103 caracterul respectiv este determinat de dou\u0103 poligene).Fenomenul polimeriei comulative a fost observat de cunoscutul genetician \u015fi ameliorator H.Nilsson-Ehle. \u00cencruci\u015f\u00e2nd soiuri de gr\u00e2u cu boabe ro\u015fu-intens cu soiuri de gr\u00e2u cu boabe albe, \u00een F1 el ob\u0163inea plante cu boabe de un ro\u015fu mai deschis.\u00cen F2 se ob\u0163inea o segregare dup\u0103 fenotip \u00een raport de 15:1 (15 combina\u0163ii cu boabe colorate \u015fi o combina\u0163ie cu boabe albe). Intensitatea culorii depinde de num\u0103rul de gene dominante A1 \u015fi A2 (fig.10).
Fig. 10. Mo\u015ftenirea culorii bobului la Triticum \u00een cazul polimeriei comulative.<\/div>\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Teza c\u0103 o gen\u0103 determin\u0103 un singur caracter \u015fi un num\u0103r relativ mic de gene din fiecare cromozom nu poate s\u0103 explice marea diversitate de caractere care se mo\u015ftenesc ereditar. \u00cen acela\u015fi timp este bine cunoscut faptul c\u0103 genotipul fiec\u0103rui organism reprezint\u0103 un sistem complex. Genele interac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00eentre ele, fapt determinat de organizarea genomic\u0103 a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nMo\u015ftenirea caracterelor \u00een cazul interac\u0163iunii genelor - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/13\/mostenirea-caracterelor-in-cazul\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mo\u015ftenirea caracterelor \u00een cazul interac\u0163iunii genelor - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Teza c\u0103 o gen\u0103 determin\u0103 un singur caracter \u015fi un num\u0103r relativ mic de gene din fiecare cromozom nu poate s\u0103 explice marea diversitate de caractere care se mo\u015ftenesc ereditar. \u00cen acela\u015fi timp este bine cunoscut faptul c\u0103 genotipul fiec\u0103rui organism reprezint\u0103 un sistem complex. 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