{"id":11221,"date":"2018-02-18T10:50:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-18T10:50:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-25T02:28:47","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T02:28:47","slug":"situatia-social-economica-si-politica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/18\/situatia-social-economica-si-politica\/","title":{"rendered":"Situa\u0163ia social-economic\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103 a statelor italiene \u00een sec. al XVIII-lea – prima jum. a sec. al XIX-lea."},"content":{"rendered":"
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Situa\u0163ia statelor italiene era mai complicat\u0103 dec\u00e2t a celor germane. Vechiul regat al Romei, era dezmembrat \u00een mai multe state, care nu aveau nimic comun \u00eentre ele, cu excep\u0163ia limbii. \u00cemp\u0103r\u0163irea teritorial\u0103 a lui a \u00eensemnat, politic, domina\u0163ia Imperiului Habsburgic, a dinastiei de Savoia \u015fi a Bourbonilor spanioli \u015fi, a statului papal. Situa\u0163ia statelor italiene era considerat\u0103, pe bun\u0103 dreptate, \u201eun pas \u00eenapoi \u00een compara\u0163ie cu perioada napo\u00adleonian\u0103\u2019\u2019. Acest fapt a cauzat stagnarea, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, \u00een economie. Cele mai bogate provincii, erau sub ocupa\u0163ie austriac\u0103, iar \u00eentoarcerea la sistemul mai multor bariere vamale \u00eei priva pe italieni de o unitate economic\u0103. Revenirea la principiile <\/a>vechiului regim, pe baza Restaura\u0163iei, sus\u0163inut\u0103 de marile puteri, nu s-a f\u0103cut la fel \u00een toate statele italiene. A doua caracteristic\u0103 a situa\u0163iei politice italiene este dat\u0103 de apari\u0163ia \u015fi dezvoltarea opozi\u0163iei politice. Aceasta s-a manifestat, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, prin mi\u015fcarea carbonarilor. Asocia\u0163ia \u201eCarboneria” a ap\u0103rut \u00een regiunile din sud \u015fi avea ca obiectiv reformele \u015fi eliberarea na\u0163ional\u0103. \u00cen acela\u015fi timp, \u00een zonele nordice, liberalii s-au grupat \u00eenjurul ziarului \u201eIL Conciliatore”, fondat \u015fi condus de c\u0103tre Silvio Pellico. \u00cen anul 1817a avut loc insurec\u0163ia de la Macerata, iar peste doi ani au \u00eenceput mi\u015fc\u0103rile politice din Sicilia, care \u015fi mai mult s-au intensificat sub influen\u0163a evenimentelor din Spania, din anul 1820. Insurec\u0163ia siciliana a avut o mare influen\u0163\u0103 asupra \u00eentregii peninsule. Ea a fost urmat\u0103, la scurt timp, de mi\u015fcarea din Piemont. Faptul c\u0103 Piemont nu se afla sub domina\u0163ie str\u0103in\u0103 a permis ca aici liberalismul s\u0103 fie mai avansat. La \u00eenceputul anului 1821 \u00een Piemont au avut loc mai multe manifesta\u0163ii, la care au participat studen\u0163i \u015fi alte grup\u0103ri socio-profesionale. Cu acest prilej a ap\u0103rut \u015fi ideea unirii sub form\u0103 de regat – Regatul Italiei de Sus. In ziua de 11 martie, trupele comandate de Ferrero au ajuns \u00een fa\u0163a ora\u015fului Torino. Victor Emanuel I a fost obligat s\u0103 proclame constitu\u0163ia. Cu ajutorul Austriei, sub obl\u0103duirea Sfintei Alian\u0163e, \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a lunii martie 1821, Carlo Felice a \u00eenceput represaliile. Procesele intentate membrilor Carboneriei s-au \u00eencheiat cu multe condamn\u0103ri. \u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea mi\u015fc\u0103rii din Piemont a marcat, pentru un timp, triumful Restaura\u0163iei \u00een Italia. Revolu\u0163ia francez\u0103 din anul 1830 i-a influen\u0163at direct pe italieni, nu at\u00e2t prin idei, c\u00e2t prin faptul c\u0103 d\u0103dea o lovitur\u0103 principiului legitimit\u0103\u0163ii \u015fi sus\u0163in\u0103toarei acestuia – Sf\u00e2nta Alian\u0163\u0103. Au urmat mi\u015fc\u0103rile de la Modena, Parma, Romagna \u015fi Umbrio. Este evident c\u0103 mi\u015fc\u0103rile au dep\u0103\u015fit vechiul cadru al revendic\u0103rilor. Ele vizau schimbarea guvernelor, a conduc\u0103torilor \u015fi eliberarea de sub domina\u0163ia str\u0103in\u0103. Ac\u0163iunile nu au reu\u015fit. Dup\u0103 1831 problema na\u0163ional\u0103 va ie\u015fi pe prim-plan. Noua faz\u0103 purta numele de \u201eRisorgimento”. Ini\u0163iatorul \u015fi conduc\u0103torul mi\u015fc\u0103rii a fost Giuseppe Mazzini. Programul prevedea formarea \u015fi stabilirea \u00een Italia a unor grupuri de ideali\u015fti care acceptau s\u0103 se sacrifice pentru cauza general\u0103. E\u015fecul acestor mi\u015fc\u0103ri a fost suportat \u015fi de c\u0103tre Mazzini. In anul 1834 el a fost exilat la Berna. Aici a \u00eentemeiat organiza\u0163ia \u201eT\u00e2n\u0103ra Europ\u0103”, al c\u0103rei sediu va fi stabilit, din anul 1836, la Londra. Anume \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 Mazzini \u00ee\u015fi expune ideile sale politice. Ac\u0163iunile \u015fi mi\u015fc\u0103rile care s-au \u0163inut lan\u0163 dup\u0103 anul 1815 au adus italienii la revolu\u0163ia din 1848. Cu toate greut\u0103\u0163ile, pu\u0163in, dar se \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 o evolu\u0163ie economic\u0103, care \u00eei desparte de trecut. Sc dezvolt\u0103 industria, mai ales cea textil\u0103. Mi\u015fc\u0103rile respective au provocat modific\u0103ri. Succesorul Papei Grigore al XVI-lea, Pius al IX-lea, deschide seria reformelor. La 17 iulie 1846 el i-a amnistiat pe to\u0163i condamna\u0163ii politici. Sub presiunea popula\u0163iei, condus\u0103 de un adev\u0103rat tribun, Brunetti, Papa a f\u0103cut \u015fi alte concesii. A acordat libertate presei, a permis intrarea laicilor \u00een administra\u0163ia public\u0103, a creat un consiliu de mini\u015ftri. Punerea \u00een aplicare a proiectelor a fost f\u0103cut\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 cu \u00eent\u00e2rziere din cauza interven\u0163iei Austriei. Invoc\u00e2nd art. 103 al Tratatului de la Viena, Mettemich a decis interven\u0163ia militar\u0103. La 16 iulie 1847 a fost ocupat ora\u015ful Ferrara. \u00een aceste condi\u0163ii, mi\u015fcarea italian\u0103 a devenit general\u0103. Lupta se ducea pentru ob\u0163inerea libert\u0103\u0163ilor social-politice \u015fi rezolvarea problemei na\u0163ionale. La interven\u0163ia Papei, trupele austriece s-au retras.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Situa\u0163ia statelor italiene era mai complicat\u0103 dec\u00e2t a celor germane. Vechiul regat al Romei, era dezmembrat \u00een mai multe state, care nu aveau nimic comun \u00eentre ele, cu excep\u0163ia limbii. \u00cemp\u0103r\u0163irea teritorial\u0103 a lui a \u00eensemnat, politic, domina\u0163ia Imperiului Habsburgic, a dinastiei de Savoia \u015fi a Bourbonilor spanioli \u015fi, a statului papal. Situa\u0163ia statelor italiene […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nSitua\u0163ia social-economic\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103 a statelor italiene \u00een sec. al XVIII-lea - prima jum. a sec. al XIX-lea. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rubyskynews.com\/index.php\/2018\/02\/18\/situatia-social-economica-si-politica\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Situa\u0163ia social-economic\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103 a statelor italiene \u00een sec. al XVIII-lea - prima jum. a sec. al XIX-lea. - Jobs\/ Internships\/ Scholarships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Situa\u0163ia statelor italiene era mai complicat\u0103 dec\u00e2t a celor germane. 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